1. Costs of the War 16+ Million people dead
Russia, Germany, France highest
Financial crisis – rebuilding, war debts
Political turmoil – revolutions, new governments, colonial unrest
Disillusionment – horrors of war
Influenza

2. WWI – Peace? Goal  to find peace Who started the war?
Should a/the guilty country be punished?
Should a/the treaty be harsh or generous?
How can future war be prevented?

3. Ideas for peace… Fourteen Points League of Nations
Woodrow Wilson – US president
League of Nations
One of Wilson’s “Points”
*Treaty of Versailles
Between the Allies and Germany
Separate treaties w/ other nations

4. Fourteen Points End to secret treaties (Alliances)
Freedom of the seas (Militarism)
Free trade (Nationalism, Alliances…)
Arms reductions (Militarism)
Self-determination (Nationalism, Imperialism)
Fair treatment of Colonial peoples (Imperialism)

5. League of Nations One of the Fourteen Points…Collective Security
Police the nations of the world
Prevent future wars – settle disputes through diplomacy
Tried to help the causes of the war at the “root” level
Labor/living conditions, health care, employment, nutrition…

6. Had little/no power to enforce decisions
US not a member
Had little/no power to enforce decisions
Did not punish offending nations with military action
Member could drop out at will
Ineffective…
(model for United Nations)

7. Versailles Treaty Peace between Germany and the Allies Big Three
Wilson – US
Clemenceau – France
Lloyd George – England
Sometimes “Big Four” +Orlando – Italy
Did not consult defeated powers

8. Germans found terms difficult to accept
War blame “guilt”
Reparations - occupation
Limited military
Lost territory and colonies
…this treaty lead to WWII
US did not sign Treaty or join League

9. Armenian Genocide
Genos  race
Cide  killing

10. Armenian Genocide
Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire caused tension between Turks (the majority) and minority groups

11. Tension triggered the genocide of the Armenians (a minority)

12. It is estimated that one and a half million Armenians perished / died between

14. Armenian Genocide (FYI – This part not on your notes)
11th century, Turks invaded Armenian land
16th century, Armenian part of the Ottoman Empire
Treated as second class citizens, afraid to speak their language, persecuted
Turks did not want Armenians to fight for independence or equality
Aggressive nationalism  Pan-Turkism, rejected pluralism (all minorities)
Armenians lived in the path of “Turkish expansion”
Turkish rulers decided to get rid of them

15. Tens of thousands of Christian Armenians were killed in the early 20th century by the Turks.

17. The Ottoman Empire and areas of influence at its peak in the mid-1500s, including the historic Armenian Homeland.

18. The Land of Turan as planned by the Young Turks to create a new empire in the East, but blocked by Historic Armenia.

19. Present day map of Turkey and Armenia, showing an outline of Historic Armenia.