1. Ancient Worlds – Chapter 2
Puzzling Pieces
Copy the blue print, it means they are “Key Ideas” or “Key Words”

2. Artifacts: Pieces of the Past
Artifacts are human made objects that teach us about the society and people who made them within that time period.
It is difficult to find out about the ancient past, as there is little evidence left behind, other than skeletons, tools, and fossils
When we look at artifacts we need to infer, or use educated guesses to decide whom it came from, what time period, what it was used for etc.

3. Archaeologists
scientists who collect and study the remains of past human activity.
try to explain what life was like for ancient peoples
look at items such as stone tools, pottery (shards), animal and human bones, and paintings
most common artifacts found called shards- broken pieces of pottery
can use advanced technology to date artifacts

4. Learning how to put the pieces together
There are no real written records of prehistoric societies, making archaeologists depend on skills to analyze artifacts
They must make a hypothesis (educated guess) then look for additional evidence to prove if their guess was right or wrong.

5. How to make Hypotheses
1.Define the Question
What do you want to know?
2.Collect Evidence
What you know, ask questions, research
3.Examine Evidence
Analyze, organize, summarize
4.Make your Hypotheses
Write your guess in a sentence
5.Test your Hypotheses
Experiment, get more info, common sense, does it make sense?

6. Activity!
With a partner, discuss the artifacts below. Speculate about what they are and what they tell you about the lives of the people who used them. Justify your hypotheses to your partner.

7. Digging Up the Past
Trash can be useful as remains have been found in early settlement sites or on floors of caves, such as bones of animals people have eaten
Find most evidence buried in ground where they plan an excavation-a dig where they look at the different layers in the soil which reflect the different environmental factors or human activities, and look for various artifacts
Where the archaeologists find the artifacts is important as they can look at their location in relation to other artifacts
Excavators use fine brushes
to uncover breakable objects

8. Earliest Human Settlement
Isernia La Pineta earliest known human settlement Europe, years ago
Found while building highway
river flooding - silt (fine sand in a river) ; volcanic ash natural processes buried the ancient artifacts
layers protected artifacts from atmosphere; preserved them
Found 14 habitations, or human settlements at different depths
Plant and animal remains meant these people hunted and gathered for food.
Bones showed they ate the marrow, the soft material on the inside of a bone.

9. How do you think they made this inference?
Scientists found more plant-eating animal remains than meat-eating, and more older animals than younger
What kind of hypothesis could you make from this information?

10. Scientific Techniques
Comparison- archaeologists compare finds with similar ones found at other sites
Statistical analysis - archaeologists count the various types of remains
Chemical analysis –archaeologists measure the amount of chemicals in the remains
Dating - carbon-14 dating, a common test measures how much of this is in an object, it decreases over time so it gives a timeline
Remote Sensing - special satellites that can measure light reflecting off earth’s surface, shows hidden ancient roads, field, buildings

11. THE LAETOLI FOOTPRINTS!
Cool Story!
Over 30 years ago, in a city called Laetoli, Tanzania, something very cool was discovered!
Listen to your classmates’ presentation on
THE LAETOLI FOOTPRINTS!

12. In ancient times, an active volcano erupted and covered the area in ash, which then turned to mud after a heavy rainfall.
During this time animals walked across the mud leaving their inprint. Along with these prints, three Australopithecus hominids (very early humans) also dug their feet in the mud!
These prints were discovered by Mary Leaky, the famous anthropologist (study human beings and human society). Casts (moulds) were made and Leakey made the wise decision to cover this amazing discovery so that scientists of the future to analyze them using more advanced technology.

13. View this Video on the discovery at Laetoli, Tanzania

14. Experimental Archaeology
Scientists pretend to be the people they are studying through role-play of ancient times
Choose a site with same climate as the one they are studying.
They build homes with the same materials used thousands of years ago and live in these homes, using similar tools that were once used.
Gives them a better look into the lifestyles of that civilization

15. An Amazing Find!
Iceman-a man who lived and died in Europe over 5000 years ago
Read the story about the Iceman on pg , and look at the picture and read the captions on pg , then answer #1 on the Think For Yourself on pg. 39 in a full paragraph answer.

16. ICE MAN – 2 Great Internet Sites + Youtube
Youtube:
WHAT IS SO AMAZING? CREATE YOUR TOP TEN “TAKE-AWAYS”!

17. So What Do We Know?
We are forced to piece together the information and speculate what humans and civilizations were like thousands of years ago
History is studying change over time, which helps us understand how cultures are influenced by the changing environment and how people developed skills
CE stands for Common Era, which includes all years after and including Year 1.
BCE stands for Before the Common Era
Stonehenge is believed to have been made around 2550 BCE

18. The Origin of Humans There are two widely held hypothesis
It is up to me to educate myself on both, but believe in what I want to believe!

19. The universe and everything in it was created by a divine being
1 - CREATIONISM
The universe and everything in it was created by a divine being

20. 2 - EVOLUTION
Is the scientific theory that explains the origin and development of humans has changed gradually over many generations into more complex forms.

21. Big Question
What do you think is the most important role of the archaeologist?