1. Memory

2. You are what you remember! (or at least what people take pictures of!

3. Memory’s Extremes

4. The Memory Process
#1 Encoding
#2 Storage
#3 Retrieval

5. Step 1- Encoding Getting information into the system
Like listening to your teacher ‘s boring lecture
Like getting someone’s name at a party

6. Step 2- Storage The retention of information over time
Like rehearsing or studying the information
Trying to remember his/her name when you leave the party

7. Step 3- Retrieval Getting the information out of storage
Remembering the answer to the question on the test
Calling out, “David!” when you see him the next day

8. Recall v. Recognition
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
Which is easier?

9. Flashbulb Memory
A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Where were you when?
1. You heard about 9/11
2. Saw Beib’s Calvin Klein Ad
3. Challenger explosion, JFK assassination?

10. The 3 stage Process of Memory

11. Sensory Memory
The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
This stuff is stored just for an instant-- most goes unprocessed.
Examples:
You lose concentration in class during a lecture… Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register.
Your ability to see motion can be attributed to sensory memory. An image previously seen must be stored long enough to compare to the new image. Visual processing in the brain works like watching a cartoon -- you see one frame at a time.
If someone is reading to you, you must be able to remember the words at the beginning of a sentence in order to understand the sentence as a whole. These words are held in a relatively unprocessed sensory memory.

12. Short-Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly.
Seven digits (plus or minus two).
The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.

13. Long-Term Memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

14. #1 Encoding Getting information in our heads!
How are we gonna get all of this AP Psych stuff in our heads?

15. 2 ways to Encode information
Automatic Processing– takes little effort
Effortful Processing– takes a bit of focus and effort

16. Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information that may become automatic with practice.
We encode space, time & word meaning without effort.
Like how you know where you’re friends will be after your 2AB class

17. Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique.
Like anything that takes effort to remember…

18. Let’s Stand up in a circle…

19. Things to remember about Encoding
Next-In-Line Effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.
Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered.
Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

20. Spacing Effect
We encode better when we study or practice over periods of time.
DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

21. List the U.S. Presidents, please…

22. The Presidents Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower J.Adams Fillmore
Cleveland
Kennedy
Jefferson
Pierce
McKinley
L. Johnson
Madison
Buchanan
T. Roosevelt
Nixon
Monroe
Lincoln
Taft
Ford
JQ Adams
A. Johnson
Wilson
Carter
Jackson
Grant
Harding
Reagan
Van Buren
Hayes
Coolidge
Bush
Garfield
Hoover
Clinton
Tyler
Arthur
F.D. Roosevelt
Bush Jr.
Polk
Truman
Obama

23. Serial Positioning Effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.

24. Be Sure to read about Ebbinghaus
He studied memory the memorization of useless nonsense syllables
The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning…
Those who learn quickly also forget quickly!

25. Ebbinghaus– let’s try! JIH BAZ FUB YOX SUJ XIR DAX LEQ VUM PID KEL WAV
TUV
ZOF
GEK
HIW

26. How much do we encode?
Sometimes it helps if someone paraphrases or introduces things you are about to read.
Any novel is easier to read when you know a little background on the story.

27. Types of Encoding
Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

28. Listen to this story…

29. If the glove doesn’t fit you must…

30. Self-Reference Effect
We remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves.
So, when studying… try to relate things to yourself.

32. Tricks to Encode Use imagery: mental pictures Mnemonic Devices
“Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums”-- is this even still relevant?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Give me some more examples….

33. Imagery

36. Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically.
Do these numbers mean anything to you?

37. Chunking
1492
1776
1812
1941
How about now?

38. #2 Storage How we retain what we’ve learned!!!!
You better do some serious studying if you’re gonna remember all of this AP Psych stuff!
Or have good mnemonic devices!

39. Review the 3 stage process of memory

40. Storage and Short-Term Memory
Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.
Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information.
We recall digits better than letters.

41. Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

42. Study this screen for 20 seconds

43. Answer these questions
What tool was the little boy at the bottom holding?
What kind of food is being served?
In the lower right-hand corner, does the woman’s umbrella handle hook to the left or the right?
Were there animals in the picture– if so, which kind?
Want another look at the picture?

44. Study this screen for 20 seconds

45. Iconic Memory…
7 1 V F
X L 5 3
B 4 W 7

46. Iconic Memory…
7 1 V F
X L 5 3
B 4 W 7
Now, tell me the characters in the ___ row.

47. Iconic Memory…
2 7 D N
M K 4 6
Y 4 A 9

48. Iconic Memory…
2 7 D N
M K 4 6
Y 4 A 9
Now, tell me the characters in the ___ row.

49. Isn’t that photographic memory?
No!!!!
Photographic memory is Eidetic memory
Researchers estimate that about 8% of preadolescent children are eidetickers, but virtually no adults.
No satisfactory theory has been proposed for why eidetic imagery fades over time.

51. Focus and remember
After 10 seconds… write them down

52. Focus and Remember J M R S O F L P T Z B
After 10 seconds, write them down

53. Echoic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

54. Now listen to this sequences of numbers…
Write them down…

55. Now listen to this sequence of letters
Write them down

56. Read these sentences aloud
He had patronized her when she was a schoolgirl and teased her when she was a student.
He had an elongated skull which sat on his shoulders like a pear on a dish.
The taxi turned up Michigan Avenue where they had a clear view of the lake.
When at last his eyes opened, there was no gleam of triumph, no shade of anger.

57. What were the last words of each sentence?

58. How does our brain store long-term memories?
Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain.
They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

59. Stress and Memory
Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in long term memory.
Why?
Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

60. Everyday Stress and Memory

61. Types of Long Term Memory

62. Declarative Memory (Explicit)
The recollection of facts and events
1492 Columbus …
Gutenberg developed the …
Henry VIII had …wives

63. Procedural Memory The way you remember how to get things done.
“First you must check for a dial tone. Then you must dial a 7. Next you must dial a 5. Next you must dial a 7. Then you must dial an 8. And so on…
Because we do this so often, we produce it as one unit– a swift sequence of actions.
The process is called knowledge compilation.
The more you practice, the longer the sequence you can carry out.

64. The Hippocampus Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory.
Left = Verbal
Right = Visual and Locations
The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain.

65. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
The strengthening of the connection between two nerve cells which lasts for an extended period of time
So, if you are trying to remember a phone number, the neurons are firing neurotransmitter through the synapse.
The neuron gets used to firing in that pattern and essentially learns to fire in that distinct way. It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).

66. #3 Retrieval Getting information back out of our heads!!!!
How are we gonna get all of this AP Psych stuff back out for the AP Exam?

67. Recall versus Recognition
I probably cannot recall the Smurfs, but can I recognize them?
Lazy Smurf or Lethargic Smurf
Papa Smurf or Daddy Smurf
Handy Smurf or Practical Smurf
Brainy Smurf or Intellectual Smurf
Clumsy Smurf or Inept Smurf

68. Retrieval Cues Things that help us remember.
We often use a process called priming (the activation of associations in our memory) to help us retrieve information

69. PRIMING EFFECT
Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it.
The priming effect is considered involuntary and is most likely an unconscious phenomenon.

70. Repetition Priming
Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word.
Anyone know who the leading actress was in the movie Mamma Mia?

71. Semantic Priming
Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated.

72. Context Effects
It helps to put yourself back in the same context you experienced (encoded) something.
If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.

73. Déjà Vu Translates into “already seen”
That eerie sense that you have experienced something before.
What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one- your mind gets confused.

74. Mood-Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
If you are depressed, you will more likely recall sad memories from you past.
Moods also effect that way you interpret other peoples behavior

75. Forgetting

76. Encoding Failure We fail to encode the information.
It never has a chance to enter our Long Term Memory.

77. Test Your Memory

78. Storage Decay Even if we encode something well, we can forget it.
Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.
Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve.

79. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve

80. Retrieval Failure
The memory was encoded and stored, but sometimes you just cannot access the memory.

81. Retrieval Failure-Proactive Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
Can’t remember the new– only the old (like the old Pro’s number)

82. Retrieval Failure- Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.

83. Motivated Forgetting We sometimes revise our own histories.
Like how much money we lost gambling

84. Motivated Forgetting Why does is exist? One explanation is REPRESSION:
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.

85. Forgetting

86. Memory Construction
We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them.
Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter your memories.
You had a great high school career, but your failure in college alters your memory that you were a bad high school student as well.

87. Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

88. Misinformation Effect
About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

89. The fiction of memory

90. Source Amnesia (Source Attribution)
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.