1. Chapter 2
Mechanisms of Disease 1

2. Causes of Disease Heredity Trauma Inflammation/infection
Hyperplasias/neoplasms
Nutritional imbalance
Impaired immunity 2

3. Heredity Hereditary diseases Congenital hereditary disease
Error in individual’s genetic or chromosomal makeup
Congenital hereditary disease
Disease present at birth
Classifications of hereditary diseases:
Single gene abnormality
Abnormality of several genes
Abnormality of a chromosome 3

4. Trauma Physical injury or external force
Type of traumatic disease varies with:
Age
Race
Residence 4

5. Trauma Classifications in order of prevalence: Motor vehicle accidents
Poison
Firearms
Falls
Suicide
Suffocation
Homicide 5

6. Inflammation/Infection
Protective immune response triggered by injury or irritant
Infection
Invasion of microorganisms into tissues causing cell or tissue injury 6

7. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms
Overgrowth in response to some type of stimulus
Neoplasms
Also known as tumors
Oncology
Study of cancer 7

8. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms
Neoplasm classifications:
Benign
Limited growth
Encapsulated
Enclosed in capsule
Malignant
Uncontrolled growth 8

9. Hyperplasias/Neoplasms
Cancer
Malignant tumor
Metastasizes
Moves and spreads
Metastatic
Moves from site of origin to secondary site in body 9

10. Nutritional Imbalance
Usually related to over- or underconsumption
Cachexia–ill, thin, wasted appearance
Obesity–BMI, bariatrics
Alternatives:
Parenteral
Administered by injection
Enteral
Nutrition through small intestine 10

11. Impaired Immunity Body’s first line of defense:
Skin, mucous membranes, tears, and secretions
Protective qualities of immune system:
Leukocytes kill foreign invaders
Body reacts to antigens by producing antibodies 11

12. Impaired Immunity Antigens Antibodies
Substances that cause harm and set off specific response
Antibodies
Also known as immune bodies
Proteins that render antigen harmless 12

13. Impaired Immunity Common ways immune system fails: Allergy
Autoimmunity
Immunodeficiency 13

14. Aging Degeneration Disease related to age
Tissue degeneration changes functional activity to lower or lesser level
Body’s ability to repair and replace itself slows down with aging process 14

15. Cellular Injury Causes of cellular injury and death: Hypoxia Anoxia
Not enough oxygen
Anoxia
No oxygen
Drug or bacterial toxins
Viruses 15

16. Cellular Adaptation Types: Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia
Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number 16

17. Cellular Adaptation Types: Dysplasia Metaplasia Neoplasia
Alteration in size, shape, and organization of cell
Metaplasia
Cell changes to another type
Neoplasia
Development of new type of cell with uncontrolled growth pattern 17

18. Atrophy of a Cell 18

19. Hypertrophy of a Cell 19

20. Hyperplasia of a Cell 20

21. Dysplasia of a Cell 21

22. Metaplasia of a Cell 22

23. Neoplasia of a Cell 23

24. Cell and Tissue Death Necrosis Ischemia Infarct Gangrene
Cellular death
Ischemia
Decreased blood flow
Infarct
Area of dead cells
Gangrene
Saprophytic bacteria involved in necrotic tissue 24

25. Organism Death Mortality Morbidity Criteria for brain death: Death
State of being diseased
Criteria for brain death:
Lack of response to stimuli
Loss of all reflexes
Absence of respirations
Lack of brain activity on electroencephalogram (EEG) 25