1. Radiographic Pathology RSMI 363By
Dr. Amr A. Abd-Elghany, Ph.D.
Assistant professor, Department of Radiological and Medical imaging Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Salman Bin Abdul-Aziz University.

2. Chapter 1 Introduction to pathology
Learning objectives
On completion of chapter 1, the student should be able to:
Define common terminology associated with the study of disease.
Differentiate between signs and symptoms.
Describe the different types of disease classifications.
Cite characteristics that distinguish benign from malignant neoplasm.
Describe the system used to stage malignant tumors.
Identify the difference in origin of carcinoma and sarcoma.

3. Common pathological terms
Pathology is the study of disease.
Disease is any abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury.
Pathogenesis refers to the sequence of events producing cellular changes that lead to observable changes known as manifestations.
Manifestations can be displayed in a variety of fashions.
A symptom refers to the patient perceptionإدراك of the disease (e.g. headache).

4. Some disease processes, especially in the early stages do not produce symptoms and are termed asymptomatic (e.g. aortic valve stenosis, atrial fibrillation).
Etiology: is the study of the cause of a disease.
Nosocomial infections: also known as a hospital-acquired infection or HAI, is an infection whose development is favored by a hospital environment. Such infections include fungal and bacterial infections and are aggravated by the reduced resistance of individual patients (e.g. staphylococcal infection that follows hip replacement surgery).
Iatrogenic reactions: are adverse responses to medical treatment itself (e.g. a collapsed lung that occurs in response to a complication that arises during arterial line placement). If no causative factor can be identified a disease is termed Idiopathic مجهول السبب.

5. Acute disease have a quick onset and last a short period of time (e. g
Acute disease have a quick onset and last a short period of time (e.g. pneumonia).
Chronic diseases may manifest more slowly and last a very long time.
Prognosis a medical term used to indicate the outcome of illness (e.g. 45% of patients with severe septic shock will die within 28 days).
Epidemiologyعلم الأوبئة is the investigation of disease in large groups (statistics community).
Prevalenceمعامل الإنتشار number of cases in a given population.
Incidence number of new cases in a given period of time.

7. Congenital and Hereditary Disease
Diseases present at birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors (e.g. Down syndrome is an example because it is caused by an autosomal (those other than sex chromosome) mitosis error that leads to an extra twenty-first chromosome so an affected individual has 47 chromosomes rather than 46).
About 2% to 3% of newborn have congenital disease.
Caused by abnormalities in the number and distribution of chromosomes.

8. Hereditary
Are caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to a child.
Sex linked: a genetic abnormality present on the sex chromosome (e.g. hemophilia).
Autosomal inheritance: an abnormality on one of the other 22 chromosomes. It could be dominantسائد or recessiveمتنحي (transmitted by both parents genes).

9. Inflammatory Diseases
Caused by the body reactions to a localized injurious agent (e.g. pneumonia).
Type of inflammatory disease include infective, toxic, and allergic diseases.
Infective disease results from invasion by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
Toxic results from poisoning by biological substance.
Allergic results from overreaction of the body own defense.
Autoimmune disorder antibodies attack the patient tissue not the foreign antigens (e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis).

10. Degenerative Diseases
Caused by deteriorationتدهور of the body and unusually are age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis.
Metabolic Diseases
Caused by disturbance of normal physiologic metabolic function such as lack of hormones secretions (endocrine disorders) such as diabetes and hyperparathyroidism.
Traumatic Diseases
Caused by mechanical injury such as crushing, twisting of body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. In addition from extreme hot or cold temperature burns and frostbiteالتجمد

11. Neoplastic Diseases
Results in new abnormal tissue growth.
Lesion is a term used to describe the many types of cellular change that can occur in response to disease.
A benign neoplasm remains localized and is generally noninvasive.
Malignant neoplasm continues to grow, spread, and invade other tissues.
Cells are classified as either:
Differentiated or Undifferentiated
Depending on the resemblance of the new cells to the original cells in the host organ.

12. Metastasis the spread of malignant cancer cells.
If the differences are small, the growth is termed differentiated and has a low probability for malignancy.
If the cell within the neoplasm exhibit differences, the growth is termed undifferentiated and have a higher probability of malignancy.
Metastasis the spread of malignant cancer cells.
Metastatic spread can occur in a variety of ways:
1. Hematogenous spread the cancerous cells invade the circulatory system, they made be spread via blood vessels.
2. Lymphatic spread the cancer cells spread via the lymphatic system. :

13. Invasion the cancer cells spread into surrounding tissue by virtue ofبمقتضى the close proximity القرب المكاني.
Seeding the cancer cells travel to a distant organ.
Carcinoma is one type of cancer and is derived from epithelial tissue.
Sarcoma arises from connective tissue.
Leukemia arises from blood cells.
Lymphoma arises from lymphatic cells.

14. To indicates no tumor, T1, T2, T3, and T4 indicates increasing size.
The staging of cancer
TNM system
Size of untreated
Primary tumor
Leading metastases
As the size increase
lymph nodule occurs
The addition of numbers to these letters indicate the extent of malignancy.
To indicates no tumor, T1, T2, T3, and T4 indicates increasing size.
No idicates lack of nodules, N1, N2, N3 indicate increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes.
Mo idicates no distant metastasis and M1 indicates the presence of distant metastasis.

15. Altered cellular biology
Cells adapt to avoid injury.
When a cell is injured it can response in several ways, and many cells adapt by altering their pattern of growth.
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size.
MRI scan

16. Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size
-Blood travels through the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.
-If conditions occur which decrease pulmonary circulation, meaning blood does not flow well from the heart to the lungs, extra stress can be placed on the right ventricle.
-This can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy.

17. Hyperplasia
increase in cell number in the tissue
As a result excessive proliferation.

18. Metaplasia
A conversion of one cell type into
another cell type that is not normal for
that tissue.

19. Dysplasia
Refers to abnormal changes of mature cells.