1. Earth’s Layers Chapter 22 Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Earth’s geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected in many ways.
Together, these parts make up the biosphere, the part of the Earth where life exists.
Earth’s Layers

2. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Atmosphere
Important parts of the atmosphere are greenhouse gases, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer, which shields Earth from UV radiation.
Earth’s Layers, continued

3. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Climate and Atmosphere
The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat in this way is called the greenhouse effect.
Earth’s Layers, continued

4. Chapter 22
The Greenhouse Effect
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet

5. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Hydrosphere
A very small portion of the hydrosphere is fresh water, and much of this fresh water is not easily usable.
Earth’s Layers, continued

6. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Geosphere
The geosphere exchanges materials with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
Earth’s Layers, continued

7. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Biosphere
The biosphere includes all parts of Earth where life exists.
Earth’s Layers, continued

8. Biodiversity Chapter 22 Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in an area.
Biodiversity

9. Biodiversity, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Measuring Biodiversity
Biodiversity can be measured in different ways, including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.
Biodiversity, continued

10. Biodiversity, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Valuing Biodiversity
Biodiversity is valued for various reasons.
Biodiversity, continued

11. Pollution Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues
Over a short time period, human activities have affected global ecosystems in ways that harm humans and other species.
Human impacts range from local pollution to global change in ecosystems.
Pollution

12. Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues
Ozone Thinning
Industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O3 molecules in the ozone layer.
Most countries have banned CFCs, and the ozone layer seems to be recovering.
Pollution, continued

13. Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica

14. Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues
Global Warming
The correlation of increasing atmospheric CO2 and rising global temperature suggests a cause- and-effect relationship.
Considering several types of evidence, many scientists have concluded that increased CO2 levels have caused warmer surface temperatures on Earth.
Pollution, continued

15. Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues
Acid Precipitation
Certain air pollutants cause acid precipitation, which harms or kills many organisms.
Pollution, continued

16. Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues
Land and Water Pollution
The release of toxic chemicals, such as DDT, into the biosphere can impact ecosystems in many ways, especially when chemicals undergo biological magnification.
Pollution, continued

17. Biological Magnification of DDT
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Biological Magnification of DDT

18. Ecosystem Disruption, continued
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Extinction
Human impacts on the environment are causing an increasing number of extinctions.
Important causes of extinctions are habitat destruction, the transfer of invasive species to new habitats, harvesting, and hunting.
This loss of species has both known and unknown effects on ecosystems.
Ecosystem Disruption, continued

19. Ecosystem Disruption, continued
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Ecosystem Imbalances
Species such as the sea otter that affect many other species in a community are called keystone species.
Ecosystem Disruption, continued

20. Human Resource Use Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues
Current levels of human resource use are probably not sustainable.
Human Resource Use

21. World Population Growth Patterns
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
World Population Growth Patterns

22. Conservation and Restoration Biology
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Conservation biologists are concerned with identifying and maintaining ecosystems, while restoration biologists are usually involved with repairing badly damaged ecosystems.
Conservation and Restoration Biology

23. Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
Species and Habitats
A bioindicator is a species that is especially sensitive to ecological change.

24. Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
Case Study: Saving the Whooping Crane
Populations of many migratory birds, such as the whooping crane, are in decline because of human activities.
However, some populations are recovering as a result of legal protection, breeding programs, habitat restoration, and international partnerships.

25. Protecting Ecosystems
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Biodiversity Hotspots
International and cooperative efforts to preserve habitat and prevent extinctions include identifying biodiversity hotspots, making debt-for-nature swaps, and promoting ecotourism.
Protecting Ecosystems

26. Governments and Laws Chapter 22 Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Environmental problems can be addressed through the efforts of governments and laws.
Governments and Laws

27. Private Efforts and Cooperation
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Environmental problems can be addressed through the combined efforts of governments, scientists, businesses, and individuals.
Private Efforts and Cooperation

28. Conservation Case Study: The Everglades
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
The Everglades restoration project is the most ambitious ecosystem-wide restoration project attempted in the United States.
Conservation Case Study: The Everglades

29. Your Role in the Environment
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
No one can predict our environment’s future, but it is clear that individuals can make a difference in its fate.
Thus, it is important for you, as an individual, to understand your role in the environment and to take responsibility for that role.
Your Role in the Environment