1. Images of Enlightenment Thinkers & their key ideas
(pictures of ‘philosophes’)

2. H for half empty/‘harsh’
Thomas Hobbes
H for half empty/‘harsh’
Life in ‘state of nature’ would be nasty, brutish, and short. We need protection from each other; strong govt. is best means for providing that.

3. L for ‘laws . . . natural laws’
John Locke
L for ‘laws natural laws’
People are not bad (or good)—blank slate—so protect vs. govt. not each other; popular sovereignty (‘the people’ can fire the govt. if it’s not doing it’s job, which is to ensure their natural rights to LLP) .

4. m for multi-branch: three branches of govt.
Montesquieu
m for multi-branch: three branches of govt.
(L/E/J) in order for no one branch to dominate; checks and balances so each can be stopped by one/another of the other 2. Keeps govt. from being abusive?

5. v for valued freedoms Voltaire
Of speech, religion, use of reason and tolerance are good.

6. r for remove (from society) to reform
Jean Jacques Rousseau
r for remove (from society) to reform
state of nature is good, society is bad. People are naturally good.

7. W for women’s rights Mary Wollstonecraft
women should have same rights as men, education for women.

8. B for be kind/be humane Cesare Beccaria
no cruel or unusual punishment. Torture is not useful.