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Chapter 22 Global Age Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections
Period 5
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The Lure of Trade and Exploration
Chapter 22 Global Age The Lure of Trade and Exploration Unclaimed land to turn into cash crops Maritime routes to Asia Spices, silk, porcelain Silk Roads more dangerous since spread of bubonic plague Europe wanted to stop paying tariffs to Muslim traders Cut out the middle man Prices, profits increased as the Silk road declined Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves Period 5
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Portuguese Exploration
Chapter 22 Global Age Portuguese Exploration Originally for fishing Land hunger- meaning Portugal wanted to find more land Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane Cape Verde Islands, Sao Tome Navigational schools were set up Prince Henry the Navigator The Technology of Exploration Chinese rudder introduced in twelfth century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sails Worked better with cross winds Navigational instruments- Compass, astrolabe, cross staffs Knowledge of winds, currents The volta do mar “Return through the sea” Period 5
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Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans
Chapter 22 Global Age Wind and Current Patterns in the World’s Oceans Period 5
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Voyages from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
Chapter 22 Global Age Voyages from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Prince Henry of Portugal (1394–1460) Promoted exploration of west African coast after the conquering of Ceuta Established fortified trading posts 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope, entered Indian Ocean basin Storms and restless crew forced return Vasco da Gama reached India by this route, 1497 In all, da Gama's first journey covered nearly 24,000 miles in close to two years, and only 54 of the crew's original 170 members survived. By 1500, a trading post at Calicut 2nd voyage in 1502; da Gama embarked on one of the most gruesome massacres of the exploration age Period 5
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Christopher Columbus (1451–1506)
Chapter 22 Global Age Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) Believed Earth was smaller Estimated Japan less than 2,500 nautical miles west of Canaries (actually more than 10,000 nautical miles) Portuguese kings refused to fund proposed westward trip Voyage underwritten by Fernando and Isabel of Spain, Italian bankers Discovery of Bahamas, Cuba Tainos Renamed island San Salvador Columbus tried three times, never reached Asia But by early sixteenth century, several powers followed English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered Americas Period 5
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European Exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486–1498
Chapter 22 Global Age European Exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486–1498 Period 5
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Voyages from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Chapter 22 Global Age Voyages from the Atlantic to the Pacific Discovery of Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nuñez de Balboa while searching for gold in Panama, 1513 Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521) Circumnavigation of globe through Strait of Magellan Crew assailed by scurvy; only 18 of 250 sailors returned to Spain from journey Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippines Spanish: Philippines–Mexico trade route English, Russians sought northwest passage to Asia Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic Circle Norwegian Roald Amundsen completed route only in twentieth century Sir Frances Drake (England) explored west coast of North America Vitus Bering (Russia) sailed through Bering Strait James Cook (England) explored southern Pacific Period 5
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Pacific Voyages of Magellan and Cook, 1519–1780
Chapter 22 Global Age Pacific Voyages of Magellan and Cook, 1519–1780 Period 5
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Trading-Post Empires Portuguese first to set up trading posts
Chapter 22 Global Age Trading-Post Empires Portuguese first to set up trading posts Fifty by mid-sixteenth century Not to establish trade monopolies; rather, to charge duties Major naval military strength Afonso d’Alboquerque: major naval commander Architect of trade duties policy: violators would have hands amputated Conquered key trading posts of Hormuz, Goa and Melaka Yet Arab traders continue to operate because while the Portuguese navy was brutal… didn’t have enough ships Portuguese control declined by end of 16th century because the country could not support such a large sea empire The English and Dutch would take over Indian ocean trade routes Period 5
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European Trading Posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700
Chapter 22 Global Age European Trading Posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700 Period 5
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The Trading Companies Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese
Chapter 22 Global Age The Trading Companies Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese English East India Company, established 1600 Dutch United East India Company (VOC), established 1602 Privately owned ships, government support Empowered with right to engage in trade, build posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable Period 5
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European Conquests in Southeast Asia
Chapter 22 Global Age European Conquests in Southeast Asia Philippines conquered by Spanish (Legazpi), named after King Philip II Manila became major port city Influx of Chinese traders highly resented Frequent massacres, seventeenth to nineteenth century Significant missionary activity, opened schools Dutch concentration on spice trade in Indonesia Established Batavia, trading post in Java by Jan Coen Less missionary activity Monopolized Indonesian spice trade by force Did not try to directly colonize Indonesian islands but rather made alliances with local rulers to hold monopoly on spice trade ports Period 5
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Russian Empire in Asia Chapter 22 Global Age Russian take-over of Mongol khanates, sixteenth century Astrakhan became major trading city Caucasus absorbed in eighteenth century Siberian expansions in sixteenth to seventeenth century Trade with indigenous Siberian peoples Little success with missionary efforts Some local rebellions Exacted tribute of furs Russian Occupation of Siberia Criminals, prisoners of war exiled to Siberia Disgruntled peasants migrated east Trading posts developed Dramatic expansion of Russian population 420,000 Russians in Siberia in 1763, outnumbering indigenous peoples 2:1 Period 5
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The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)
Chapter 22 Global Age The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) Commercial rivalries between empires at sea Dutch expelled most of Portuguese spice control French and British rivalry in Indian Ocean cotton trade, Caribbean sugar trade Pirating (Sir Francis Drake) Global conflict: multiple conflicts in Europe, India, Caribbean, North America North America: merged with French and Indian War, 1754–1763 Britain won British emerged victorious, established primacy in India, Canada Treaty of Paris, 1763 Sets the stage for British dominance on the sea and colonialization Period 5
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The Columbian Exchange
Chapter 22 Global Age The Columbian Exchange Named for Christopher Columbus Global diffusion of plants and crops; animals; human populations; disease pathogens Links between previously independent biological zones Permanent alteration to human geography, natural environment Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline Smallpox Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenza No prior exposure to these diseases in western hemisphere or Oceania No inherited, acquired immunities 1519, smallpox epidemic in Aztec empire Population declined 90% within 100 years (17 million to 1.3 million) Period 5
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Food Crops, Animals and Migration
Chapter 22 Global Age Food Crops, Animals and Migration Columbian exchange also increased overall food supply Introduction of European animals to Americas Horses, cattle, pigs, chickens, etc. Introduction of American foods to Europe, Asia, Africa Maize, potatoes, beans, etc. Enslaved Africans To South America, North America, Caribbean European pioneers Period 5
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The Origins of Global Trade
Chapter 22 Global Age The Origins of Global Trade Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin Manufactured goods from Europe Raw goods from Americas The Manila galleons Spanish galleons dominated Pacific Ocean trade from 1565 to 1815 Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials, especially silver Environmental Effects of Global Trade Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or near-extinction Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses Relentless human exploitation of the natural environment Period 5
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