2. Context Age of Discovery” was a reflection of the intellectual and political self-confidence of Europe. After 1,500 C.E. cross- cultural encounters took place on a larger geographical scale and became more disruptive. Europeans linked the lands and peoples of the Western and Eastern hemispheres, as well as Oceania. This projection of European influence brought about a decisive shift in the global balance of power

3. Main Long-Term Effect was the Columbian Exchange = Global Diffusion of Plants, Animals,Ideas Diseases, and Technology across all Continents

4. Causes of Exploration: General Consolidated European Kingdoms => political self- confidence (eg. Spanish Reconquista and strong crusading spirit) Urbanization and Developed Ports Technology Chinese rudder introduced in 12 th century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales Work better with cross winds Navigational instruments (astrolabe, magnetic compass) Knowledge of winds, currents. Now one could also use lateral winds.

5. 5 Wind and current patterns in the world’s oceans

6. Motives for Exploration: God, Gold, and Glory Money and Trade Spices become luxury goods during Crusades Value of Spices: kept food from rotting, added flavor to bland foods Nutmeg, Indian pepper and Chinese ginger With rise in demand or spices, goods became more expensive and trade more profitable. Europeans thus sought less costly routes to Asia Religion Christianity (still) is a missionary religion Prince Henry the Navigator saw exploration as his personal mission to save souls Portugal and Spain were both involved in driving out Muslims and Jews during the Middle Ages Secular and Spiritual went hand in hand Personal and National Glory European monarch wanted to increase their lands and power

7. Portuguese Breakthroughs 1488 Barolomeo Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin Storms, restless crew force return Vasco de Gama reaches India by this route, 1497 By 1500, a trading post at Calicut 7

8. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Believed Earth was smaller Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles) Portuguese kings do not fund proposed westward trip Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage Discovers Bahamas, Cuba 8

9. Hemispheric Links Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia But by early 16 th century, several powers follow English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered Americas 9

10. European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486-1498 10

11. Circumnavigation of the Globe Vasco de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while searching for gold in Panama, 1513 Distance to Asia unknown Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by Portuguese, uses Spanish support to circumnavigate globe in 1519-1522 Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South America Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors survive journey Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippine Islands 11

12. Formation of Colonial Empires 1510 Portuguese Alfonso de Albequerque conquers the port of Goa in India. Portuguese were not a big and powerful country so they established trading posts in Africa, China, and Indonesia. The only big Portuguese colony was Brazil Spain had a true colonial empire because of the conquest of Mexico (1519-1921) by Hernan Cortes and Peru (1432-1533) by Francisco Pizzaro

13. European trading posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700 13

14. Consequences Economic = trade shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean. Spanish colonies brought more silver and gold to Europe and the appearance of inflation (the more money circulates the lesser its value) Social = role of the middle classes increases (bnakers, merchannts, artisans) Intellectual = greater knowledge of the world (geography, botany, zoology, medicine); proof the world was round