1. Ming & Qing China

2. Overview of the Ming Dynasty
Huge economic and cultural growth
Population increase of about 50 %
Huge improvements in agricultural technologies
Large commercialization
New cities
Doubled total trade

3. Hongwu was the founder Born a peasant and was orphaned
Entered a Buddhist monastary and became literate
Was a rebel leader who took control of Nanjing in 1356
Chose “Ming” because it meant “brilliant”
Was very controlling and didn’t trust anyone
Led to emperor’s role to become more autocratic
Kept bureaucracy
Publicly beat officials reorganized the military
Rewrote law codes

4. The Great Wall Combined walls of Qin dynasty 1,550 miles
33 to 49 feet high
Prevented Mongols entrance

5. End Foreign Influence People dropped Mongol names and dress
Gov’t sponsored study of Chinese traditions
Restored system of Confucian exams
Saw Europeans as “barbarians”

6. Tributary System Enlarged and made more formal
Ritual of ketou (kowtow)
Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, Japan, Java, Philippines, Burma, Siam, Ceylon, Malacca

7. Ming Maritime Explorations
Zheng He took 7 trips between 1405 and 1433
Some ships were largest in the world
Brought back exotic animals and goods
Only contribution to the economy was jobs for building ships and timber
Expeditions were stopped after 1433 b/c of expenses

8. Ming Economics Agriculture was seen as primary source of wealth
Confucianism did not like merchants
Rice yields rose
Taxation was reformed to lessen burden on peasants
Regular labor service was required for public works
Some commercial crops increased in output
Paper money went away

9. Ming Elite Culture Promoted Lamaistic Buddhism
Vernacular literature developed
Foot binding and arranged marriages for women
Yongluo made encyclopedias
Popular culture
Theater
Literature of adventure stories
The Golden Lotus

10. Popular culture Theater Literature of adventure stories
The Golden Lotus
Women were taught to read as to maintain Confucianism in the home
Opera

11. Technologies Mechanical looms Printing Mast and sail wheelbarrows
Canals
Paper-making factories
Specialized workshops
Suspension bridges

12. Ming Decline Smugglers on the coasts
Ming navy too weak to control them
Ming emperors living in luxury
Emperors stopped dealing with gov’t affairs
Wanli refused to meet with officials

13. Ming Collapse Series of famines
Peasants organized revolts that led into the cities
Manchu invaded in the north
Manchu allied with rebels & took over Beijing

22. Manchus Pastoral nomads Nurhaci combined tribes into a unified state
Created a code of laws and military force
After taking Beijing in 1644, they slowly consolidated their power in China by defeating Ming loyalist

23. Qing Dynasty Manchus took control bc of military and Chinese support
Munchus preserved ethnical differences
Outlawed intermarriage
Chinese not allowed to learn language

24. Kangxi 1661-1722 Confucian scholar Organized flood control projects
Conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, and central Asia

25. Qianlong 1736-1795 Made Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal vassal states
Height of Qing Empire
Gov’t was so rich, he canceled tax collection 4 times

26. Scholar-Bureaucrats Day to day governing Well-educated, literate men
Passed exams
Anyone could take exams
Hard on the poor
3 levels of exams
District
Provincial
Metropolitan (only 300 could pass)
1 million exam takers competed for 20,000 jobs

27. Society Patriarchal Filial piety Clan system Foot binding
Female infanticide
Filial piety
Clan system

28. Food Supplies Only small portion of Chinese land is farmable
Today only 11% used
Relied on highly productive farming
American food crops increased food supply

29. Population Growth 100 million in 1500 160 million in 1600
Fell to 140 million in mid-1600s due to rebellion and war
225 million by 1750
Large labor force = cheap wages
Food production could not keep up

30. Foreign Trade Exported silk, porcelain, tea Imported very little
Silver bullion (DBQ)
Technological development had slowed
Gunpowder weapons came from Europeans
Christian missionaries used other new technologies to get in good with the emperors

31. Social Classes Privileged Classes Commoners
Scholar-bureaucrats & gentry
Wore black robes with blue borders
Exempt from taxes, labor services, and corporal punishment
Owned land, but lived in cities
Commoners
Peasants
Artisans
Merchants
At first lowest, but rose to importance w/ trade
Lower Classes
Military forces
“mean people”
Slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, and prostitutes

32. Cultural Traditions Yongle Encyclopedia Kanxgi’s Collection of Books
Qianlong’s Complete Library of the Four Treasuries

33. Popular novels Printing made novels readily available
Read by urban residents
The Dream of the Red Chamber
Like Romeo & Juliette
Journey to the West
Xuanzang’s travel

34. Christianity Matteo Ricci Jesuits Mid-1700’s 200,000 Christians
Became popular among Wanli’s court
Learned Chinese
Used European science and technology
Jesuits
Clocks
Portrayed Christianity as similar to Confucianism
Mid-1700’s 200,000 Christians
Chinese hesitated b/c of its exclusivity

35. Christianity
Dominicans & Franciscans fought with Jesuits for compromising on ideals
Jesuits kept ancestor worship and conducted services in Chinese
Missionaries started to ask for the outlawing of ancestor worship
Kanxgi ordered an end to preaching

36. Effects of Christianity
Didn’t have large effect on Chinese
Made Europeans aware of Chinese
Confucianism was appealing
Rational morality liked by Enlightened thinkers