1. Instructional Systems
Chapter 2
Instructional Technology and Media for Learning
Author: Smaldino, Russell, Heinich, Molenda
Presented by Charity Bohnhoff

2. Objectives Define instructional systems and the components
Describe the different characteristics of instructional systems
Discuss the categories of instructional systems
Compare and contrast the different learning styles

3. Definition of Instructional Systems
Defined:
Set of interrelated components that work together
Must be effective and reliable
Provides learning activities necessary to accomplish a learning goal

4. Components of Instructional Systems
Objective: what you want to teach/learn
Methods: how the teaching is done
Media: what medium you use
Equipment: what materials will be needed
Learning environment: setting in which learning takes place
People: unless topic is self-instructional

5. Characteristics of Instructional Systems
Direction
Synchronization
Group Size
Location
Costs
Time

6. Categories of Instructional Systems
Active participation and interaction
Practice
Individualized instruction
Reinforcement or feedback
Realistic context
Cooperative Groups

7. Cooperative Learning
Defined: students working together to achieve a common learning goal
Advantages
Active learning, social skills, interdependence, and individual accountability
Limitations
Student compatibility, student dependency, time consuming, individualists, logistical obstacles

8. Cooperative Learning Integration Computer-Based Cooperative Learning
New concept of cooperative learning
Ensures efforts of collaboration truly exist
Computer-Based Cooperative Learning
Helps to alleviate logistical issues
Online Collaborative Learning
Allows students in different locations to work together

9. Games
Defined: an activity that differs from real life but follows rules to reach a goal
Advantages
Attractive, novel, atmosphere and time on task
Limitations
Competition, distraction, and poor design

10. Games Integration Adapting the content of instructional games
Attain cognitive objectives
Adds motivation to unattractive topics
Small-group instruction
Basic skills
Vocabulary building
Adapting the content of instructional games
Frame game: original game that can be adapted
Examples: Spelling Rummy, Word Bingo

11. Simulations
Defined: simplification of a real-life situation or process
Advantages
Realistic, safe, and simplified
Limitations
Time consuming and oversimplification

12. Simulations Integration Simulation and Problem-Based Learning
Training in skills to hazardous or expensive for real life
Instruction in social interaction and human relations
Development of decision making skills
Simulation and Problem-Based Learning
Example: Role Play
Simulator (device)

13. Simulation Games
Defined: combines simulation and games into one system
Integration
Creates system that offers skill practice of games and reality of simulation
Cooperative Simulation Games
Must work together to achieve success, do not compete

14. Programmed Instruction
Defined: operant conditioning or reinforcement theory
Advantages
Self-pacing, practice and feedback, reliable, and effective
Limitations
Program design, tedious, lack of social interaction
Integration
Successfully used in almost every subject

15. Programmed Tutoring
Defined: programmed in advance, printed instructions
Advantages
Self-pacing, practice and feedback, social reinforcers, reliable and effective
Limitations
Labor intensive and development costs
Integration
Use materials that are already made in order to make the tutoring replicable

16. Questions