1. Quick Write
How did segregation, discrimination and the murder of Emmett Till prevent African Americans from living free lives?

2. The Civil Rights Movement

3. Ch.16 Overview
Section 1 - The Movement Begins - After WWII, supporters of civil rights began challenging segregation in the U.S. using bus boycotts, sit-ins and supreme court decisions to begin overturning segregating in the south.
Section 2 - Challenging Segregation - African American citizens and white supporters created organizations that directed protests, (Jessie Jackson, Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King) targeted specific inequalities that attracted the attention of the mass media and the government.
Section 3 - New Issues - In the 1960’s, African Americans became frustrated with the civil rights struggle and called on certain groups for stronger actions e.g. Malcolm X and the Black Panthers. In addition, civil rights leaders began to understand that merely winning political rights for African Americans would not address the economic problems they were facing too. Many African Americans leaders began to focus on improving their social and economic conditions too.

4. Civil Rights Movement Begins
Chapter 16 - Section 1

5. Overview
Over the years, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had won several court victories against segregation. African Americans also begin to gain political power. Realizing their growing political strength, more African Americans began to challenge segregation through court cases and protests. African Americans churches were instrumental in encouraging the civil rights movement, with ministers taking on leadership roles. President Eisenhower favored “Gradual” desegregation, he did not support the protests or court challenges, and he sent federal troops to Arkansas to uphold court rulings. The ensuing violence convinced Eisenhower and many members of Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1957

6. Origins of Movement
Plessy v. Ferguson established “Separate but Equal” doctrine
Segregating African Americans and whites was legal as long as facilities are “Equal”
“Separate but Equal” was not challenged until 1955

15. Jim Crow Laws
Segregated - busses, trains, schools, restaurants, parks, swimming pools etc.
Other States - “De-Facto Segregation” - allowed other states to segregate by custom or tradition

16. NAACP Civil Rights movement had been building since 1909 -
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Fought to overturn segregation
Supreme Court victories -
Norris v. Alabama = overturned exclusion of African Am. from juries
Morgan v. Virginia = Segregation on interstate busses illegal
Sweatt v. Painter = State law schools had to admit qualified African Americans

17. New Political Power African Americans were gaining Political power
African Americans who moved North during the Great Migration gained voting rights
Northern politicians sought their votes / listen to their concerns
Most began to support the democratic party, (Remember JFK helping MLK?) giving it strength in the north

18. Push for Desegregation
James Farmer & George Houser founded C.O.R.E.
C.O.R.E- Congress of Racial Equality - conducted “Sit-ins”
go to segregated diners, and if denied service, they would sit down & not leave
intended to shame manager, restaurant & owner
Results = many restaurants, theaters, became integrated in Chicago, Detroit, Denver

19. Brown v. Board of Education
Thurgood Marshall - lawyer (Chief Council for NAACP)- fought to integrate schools
Marshall wanted to overturn “Plessy v. Ferguson - (Separate but Equal)
Linda Brown - denied access to neighborhood school - required to go across town
Sued the school - (Brown v. Board of Education) Supreme Court ruled in her favor
Violated 14th Amendment (equal protection clause)- separate education facilities are NOT equal

22. Southern Manifesto
B. v. B. Angered whites - became more determined to defend segregation
Southern Senators pushed for “Massive Resistance” pressured people to defy S.C. rulings-
Many Counties created “Pupil Assignment Laws” to keep Af. Am. out of schools
Southern Congress men signed Manifesto stating the S.C. ruling was “Clear Abuse of Power”
Had NO legal standing

23. Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks - challenged segregation by sitting in the white section of a bus- arrested
MLK - leader of Protests livepage.apple.com
non-violent protest - stop riding buses - carpool/walk
boycotted for over a year
S.C. - ruled segregation of busses to be unconstitutional

24. Martin Luther King jr.
Baptist Preacher / PhD in Theology - Boston University
Believed only way to end segregation was through “Non-Violent Protests”
MLK - Drew on ideas of Ghandi – Peaceful protests
Win people over with love not violence

25. S.C.L.C. SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Established by MLK after bus boycott
Set out to eliminate segregation form American society
Challenged segregation at voting booths, in public transportation, housing, and public accommodations
Encourage African Americans to vote
Dr. King served as first President

26. Crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas
Little Rock School Board allowed 9 children to attend an all white school
Gov. Faubus ordered National Guard to stop the 9 from entering the school
Angry White Mob & troopers surrounded school
Intimidate students from entering school

27. Little Rock Nine
First challenge to the Constitution since the Civil War! (opposed authority of Federal Government)
Eisenhower tried to negotiate w/ Gov. Faubus
Gov. Faubus pulled troops - turned protest over to a few police officers
Once students entered the school the mob attacked

28. Little Rock Nine Police had to escort the 9 to safety
Eisenhower sent st airborne to protect school & the 9 students
The nine attended school that day
National Guard escorted each student to every class

29. Eisenhower & Civil Rights
Sympathized with activists
Felt segregation would end over time - not thru laws
Believed B. v. B. decision was wrong - but had to uphold decision
First President to send troops to protect Constitutional Rights since Lincoln

30. New Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1957 Protect Af.Am. right to vote
Act created a civil rights division in fed. govt
Seek punishment for anyone trying to interfere with Af. Am. right to vote

31. Questions???

32. P Q’s 3,4,5,6