1. PLAN OF ACTION Exercise 1 -10 groups of 6 members
Watch any of the following popular channels
Zee TV, Star TV, BBC , NDTV, AXN, Doordarshan, HBO, NATGEO, STAR SPORTS ,HISTORY Channel
Task to perform = note down the examples of individual behaviour, interpersonal dynamism, organizational characteristics and other processes and concepts relevant to perception.
After watching prepare one list for the entire group
In the next class we will summarize the plot of the show and list the group’s perceptions about the channel
Business Games – 2 nos to be played in the class

4. What Is Perception, and Why Is It Important?
People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important.

5. Factors that affect perception
The perceiver
The target
The situation
E.g. – A 22 year old man in the late night working as a cab driver and attending the morning management class.

6. PERCEPTUAL PROCESS RECEIVING STIMULI
INTERNAL – Learning, vision, smell,
touch tastes
& EXTERNAL – Light waves, sound waves
Organizing – sensory organs tasting, smelling, hearing and touching
SELECTING STIMULI
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Nature Learning
Needs
Location Age
Size Interests
Contrast Ambivalence
Movement Paranoid
Repetition
Novelty & Familiarity
Ambiguous figures, Figure Ground, Grouping , Constancy
Responses
Covert overt
Attitudes Behavior
Motivation
Feeling
Interpreting
Stereotyping, Halo Effect Attribution Perceptual Set

8. Perceptual Filters We notice Rather than Large small Bright dull
Loud quiet
Strong weak
Unfamiliar familiar
Stand out from background blend in with background
Moving stationary
Repeated on –off
E.g A supervisor scolding /shouting an employee
E.g A satyanarayan pooja in the society.

9. Perceptual Organization
A process by which people group stimuli into recognizable patterns
1) Ambiguous Figures – PO becomes a difficult task when there are confusing and disorganized stimuli in the environment

10. Perceptual Organization
2) Figure Ground – Perceived objects stands out as a separable from their general background Eg- conversation in a noisy crowd.
3) Perceptual Grouping – Defined by Gestalt psychologist
Principle of Similarity – objects have the same shape, size and color
Principle of Proximity – to perceive stimuli which are near to another
Principle of Closure- the perceivers ability to perceive a whole object even though only part of the object is evident
Principle of Continuity - a person will tend to see continuous lines or patterns

11. Figure Ground Principle

13. Process of Interpreting
Perceptual set- Previously held belief’s about objects influence an individual’s perception
Attribution – refers to the process by which the individual assigns causes to the behaviour which he or she conceives
Halo Effect – the tendency of perceiving people in terms of good and bad and ascribing all good qualities to one who is liked and all bad qualities to one who is not liked
Stereotyping – to assign attributes to someone solely on the basis of a category of people to which that person belongs

14. Process of Interpreting
Perceptual Context - the context in which the object is placed
Perceptual Defence – individual is likely to put up the defence when confronted with conflicting , unacceptable or threatening stimuli
Projection – people tend to see other person’s traits that they possess

15. Process of Checking Attribution Theory – Fritz Heider HH Kelly
Distinctiveness: To which a person behaves similarly in different situations.
Consensus: the degree to which other people are engaging in the same behaviour
Consistency: the degree to which a person engages in the same behaviour at different times.
EG - A student who gives test.

16. Attribution Theory

17. Fundamental attribution error
“The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of other.”
Eg- Shop floor supervisor who attributes a high injury rate to employee carelessness instead of considering the machine old and in poor condition

18. Errors Biases in Attribution Theory Self – serving bias
“ The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.”

19. When Perception Fails Self Fulfilling prophecy
The story of Pygmalion sculptor
People’s expectations or beliefs determine their behaviour and performance thus serving to make their expectations come true
Illusions – Incorrect Perceptions
1. those due to physical processes-
- distortion of physical conditions include mirages, in which an individual perceives objects which are non existent for eg.- an oasis
2. those due to cognitive process

20. Poggendorf Illusion – In this a line disappears at an angle behind a solid figure, reappearing the other side at what seems to be the incorrect position.

21. Implications for managers
Communication
Judgment of other people
Recruitment and Selection
Discrimination
Performance Appraisals
Impression Management

22. Specific Applications in Organizations
Employment Interview
Perceptual biases affect the accuracy of interviewers’ judgments of applicants.
Performance Expectations
Self-fulfilling prophecy (pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities.
Performance Evaluations
Appraisals are subjective perceptions of performance.
Employee Effort
Assessment of individual effort is a subjective judgment subject to perceptual distortion and bias.

23. Managing Perceptions Collect Information
Take Time – avoid snap judgments
Develop self awareness
Check attributions ( obtain feedback)
Diversity Management
Know yourself