1. Forces and their interactions AQA FORCES – part 1
Each Kg has a gravitational pull of 9.8N.
Unit
Newton (N) 1N
Kilo
Kilonewton (KN) = 1000
1X 103
Mega
Meganewton (MN) = 1000,000
1 X 106
Force
Push or pull
Stretch, squash, turn.
Contact force
Exerted between two objects when they touch
Friction, air resistance, tension.
Non-contact force
Exerted between two objects without touching
Gravity, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces.
Resolving forces
An object pulled with a force at an angle
A single force can be split into two components acting at right angles to each other.
The component forces combined have the same effect.
Gravitational field strength
Gravity exerted around an object.
Earth’s gfs = 9.8N/kg
Centre of mass
The weight of an object acts through a single point
Weight = mass X gravitational field strength
W = m X g
Resultant force
The overall effect of all of the forces acting upon an object
Two forces acting in the same direction are added.
Two forces acting in the opposite direction are taken away.
HIGHER ONLY
Free body diagram
Show magnitude and direction of all forces upon an object
Weight
Force acting upon an object due to gravity
Newton (N)
Mass
How much matter
Kilograms (Kg)
Gravity
Work done against frictional forces, temperature of object rises.
Object moves left with a force of 5N
Forces and their interactions
Contact and Resultant forces
If force is at right angles to direction of movement, NO work is done.
Scalar
A quantity that only has magnitude (size)
e.g. mass, time, speed, temperature, energy,
Vector
A quantity that only has magnitude and direction
e.g. force, velocity, momentum
AQA FORCES – part 1
Work done and energy transfer
Work done
When work is done, energy is transferred
Work done = force X distance moved W = F X s
1J of work is done when 1N of force moves an object through a distance of 1m, in the direction of the force.
Scalar and vector quantities
An arrow can be used to show vectors
Length of arrow = magnitude of vector
Direction of arrow = direction of vector
PHYSICS ONLY
Moments, levers and gears
Forces and elasticity
M = F X d
One force
The object changes speed or direction
More than one force
The object changes shape
Two balanced forces can stretch a object.
Two balanced forces can compress an object.
Three balanced forces can bend an object.
Moment = force X distance
Velocity
Speed + direction
The speed of a car is 30m/s. A car moves forward with a velocity of 30m/s
Distance
How far
The table is 1m long
Displacement
Distance + direction
The beach is 1km due east of the town
Moment
Turning effect of a force about a pivot
Elastic deformation
The object has been stretched but returns to its original length
Inelastic deformation
The object has been stretched but does not return to its original length
Extension
The difference between stretched and unstretched lengths
Lever
A small force exerted with a long lever applies a large force
Limit of proportionality
Beyond this point the spring is permanently deformed
Area
Metres squares (m2)
Weight
Newton (N)
Mass
Kilograms (kg)
Gravitational field strength
Newton per kilogram (N/Kg)
Force
Work done
Joules (J)
Distance
Metres (m)
Moment
Newton-metres (Nm)
Gears
Increase or decrease the rotational effect of a force
Principle of moments
In a balanced system, the sum of the clockwise moments = the sum of the anti-clockwise moments
Stretching a spring
Force = spring constant X extension, F = k X e
EPE = ½ X spring constant X (extension)2, EPE = ½ ke2
Pressure
HIGHER ONLY
Pressure = Force ÷ Area
Fluid
A liquid or gas
Flows and changes shape to fill a container.
Elastic Potential energy (EPE)
Energy stored in a stretched spring
P = F ÷ A
Pressure and depth
Pressure on divers depends on weight of water above
Force
Newton (N)
Spring constant
Newton per metre (N/m)
Extension
Metres (m)
EPE
Joules (J)
Atmospheric pressure
Caused by billions of air particles colliding with a surface.
Upthrust
Resultant force exerted by a fluid
Hydraulic machine
Use liquids to transmit pressure
Pressure = height X density X gfs

2. Forces and their interactions AQA FORCES – part 1
Each Kg has a gravitational pull of 9.8N.
Newton (N) 1N
Kilonewton (KN) = 1000
1X 103
Meganewton (MN) = 1000,000
1 X 106
Push or pull
Stretch, squash, turn.
Exerted between two objects when they touch
Friction, air resistance, tension.
Exerted between two objects without touching
Gravity, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces.
An object pulled with a force at an angle
A single force can be split into two components acting at right angles to each other.
The component forces combined have the same effect.
Gravity exerted around an object.
Earth’s gfs = 9.8N/kg
The weight of an object acts through a single point
Weight = mass X gravitational field strength
W = m X g
The overall effect of all of the forces acting upon an object
Two forces acting in the same direction are added.
Two forces acting in the opposite direction are taken away.
HIGHER ONLY
Show magnitude and direction of all forces upon an object
Force acting upon an object due to gravity
Newton (N)
How much matter
Kilograms (Kg)
Gravity
Work done against frictional forces, temperature of object rises.
Object moves left with a force of 5N
Forces and their interactions
Contact and Resultant forces
If force is at right angles to direction of movement, NO work is done.
A quantity that only has magnitude (size)
e.g. mass, time, speed, temperature, energy,
A quantity that only has magnitude and direction
e.g. force, velocity, momentum
AQA FORCES – part 1
Work done and energy transfer
When work is done, energy is transferred
Work done = force X distance moved W = F X s
1J of work is done when 1N of force moves an object through a distance of 1m, in the direction of the force.
Scalar and vector quantities
Length of arrow = magnitude of vector
Direction of arrow = direction of vector
PHYSICS ONLY
Moments, levers and gears
Forces and elasticity
M = F X d
The object changes speed or direction
The object changes shape
Two balanced forces can stretch a object.
Two balanced forces can compress an object.
Three balanced forces can bend an object.
Moment = force X distance
Speed + direction
The speed of a car is 30m/s. A car moves forward with a velocity of 30m/s
How far
The table is 1m long
Distance + direction
The beach is 1km due east of the town
Turning effect of a force about a pivot
The object has been stretched but returns to its original length
The object has been stretched but does not return to its original length
The difference between stretched and unstretched lengths
A small force exerted with a long lever applies a large force
Limit of proportionality
Beyond this point the spring is permanently deformed
Metres squares (m2)
Newton (N)
Kilograms (kg)
Newton per kilogram (N/Kg)
Joules (J)
Metres (m)
Newton-metres (Nm)
Increase or decrease the rotational effect of a force
In a balanced system, the sum of the clockwise moments = the sum of the anti-clockwise moments
Force = spring constant X extension, F = k X e
EPE = ½ X spring constant X (extension)2, EPE = ½ ke2
Pressure
HIGHER ONLY
Pressure = Force ÷ Area
A liquid or gas
Flows and changes shape to fill a container.
Energy stored in a stretched spring
P = F ÷ A
Pressure on divers depends on weight of water above
Newton (N)
Newton per metre (N/m)
Metres (m)
Joules (J)
Caused by billions of air particles colliding with a surface.
Resultant force exerted by a fluid
Use liquids to transmit pressure
Pressure = height X density X gfs

3. Forces and their interactions AQA FORCES – part 1
Each Kg
Unit
Kilo
Mega
Force
Contact force
Non-contact force
Resolving forces
The component forces
Gravitational field strength
Centre of mass
Weight =
W = m X g
Resultant force
HIGHER ONLY
Free body diagram
Weight
Mass
Gravity
Work done
Object moves
Forces and their interactions
Contact and Resultant forces
If force is at right angles
Scalar
Vector
AQA FORCES – part 1
Work done and energy transfer
Work done
Scalar and vector quantities
An arrow can be used to show vectors
PHYSICS ONLY
Moments, levers and gears
Forces and elasticity
M = F X d
One force
More than one force
Two balance
Two balanced
Three balanced
Moment =
Velocity
Distance
Displacement
Moment
Elastic deformation
Inelastic deformation
Extension
Lever
Limit of proportionality
Area
Weight
Mass
Gravitational field strength
Force
Work done
Distance
Moment
Gears
Principle of moments
Stretching a spring
Pressure
HIGHER ONLY
Pressure =
Fluid
Elastic Potential energy (EPE)
P = F ÷ A
Pressure and depth
Force
Spring constant
Extension
EPE
Atmospheric pressure
Upthrust
Hydraulic machine
Pressure =

4. Forces and their interactions AQA FORCES – part 1
Each Kg
Weight =
W =
HIGHER ONLY
Gravity
Work done
Object
Forces and their interactions
Contact and Resultant forces
If force
AQA FORCES – part 1
Work done and energy transfer
Scalar and vector quantities
PHYSICS ONLY
Moments, levers and gears
Forces and elasticity
M =
Pressure
HIGHER ONLY
P =
Pressure =

5. AQA FORCES – part 2 Observing and recording motion
Aeroplane banks to change direction
Velocity changes.
Car travelling around a bend
Constant speed, direction changes.
Satellite orbiting the Earth
Distance travelled
Area under the graph shape
Constant acceleration
(final velocity) 2 – (initial velocity) 2 = 2 X acceleration X distance
V2 – u2 = 2 X a X s
HIGHER ONLY
Gradient = vertical ÷ horizontal
Accelerating objects
It takes time for objects to reach top speed
Draw a tangent to the curve, work out gradient.
Velocity-time graph
Shows speed of an object
Falling objects accelerate due to gravity.
In no air resistance, objects accelerate at 9.8m/s2
Air resistance slows falling objects down.
Falling objects
Changing velocity
Objects in a circular motion, change direction but keep a constant speed
Accelerating
Object getting faster
Decelerating
Object slowing down
Terminal velocity
Weight of an object is balanced by resistive forces
Object moves at a constant velocity. Resultant force = 0.
Velocity
The speed of an object with direction
Vector
HIGHER ONLY
Acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time taken
PHYSICS ONLY
Parachuting
Size of air resistance depends on area of object and speed
Larger the area, the larger the air resistance.
Larger the speed, the larger the air resistance.
Speed of sound 330m/s.
HIGHER ONLY
Acceleration
Change in velocity
Vector
Speed = distance ÷ time
v = s ÷ t
Distance-time graph
Shows how far an object moves along a straight line
Speed of object
Use the gradient of graph
Forces, acceleration and Newton’s Laws of motion
Speed
How fast an object moves
Scalar
Displacement
Includes the distance and direction an object moves
vector
Distance
How far an object moves
scalar
Inertia
When objects continue in the same state of motion
Speed or direction only changes if a resultant force acts on the object
Describing motion
Acceleration is proportional to resultant force.
Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass.
HIGHER ONLY
Car on motorway
30m/s
Train
60m/s
Jet plane
200m/s
Walking
1.5m/s
Running
3m/s
Cycling
6m/s
Speed is rarely constant.
AQA FORCES – part 2
Newton’s first Law
Balanced forces
When the resultant force on an still object = 0, the object is stationary.
When the resultant force on a moving object = 0, the object is at a constant speed.
Newton’s second Law
Unbalanced forces
When the resultant force is greater than 0, the object accelerates. It could speed up, slow down or change direction.
Newton’s third Law
Equal and opposite forces
When two objects interact the forces exerted are equal and in an opposite direction.
Observing and recording motion
Speed affects both thinking and braking distances.
Frictional forces decelerate a moving object and bring it to rest.
Forces and braking
Thinking distance
Distance travelled whilst the driver reacts
Braking distance
Distance travelled whilst the car is stopped by the brakes
Stopping distance
Total thinking and braking distances
Force = mass X acceleration
HIGHER ONLY
F = m X a
Typical reaction time = 0.7s
Inertial mass
How difficult it is to change the velocity of an object
Inertial mass = force ÷ acceleration
If the mass is large, to change velocity a big force is needed.
Momentum
HIGHER ONLY
Speed / velocity
Metres per second (m/s)
Distance
Metres (m)
Time
Seconds (s)
Acceleration
Metres per second squared (m/s2)
Force
Newton (N)
Mass
Kilogram (Kg)
Momentum
Kilograms metres per second (Kgm/s)
Is a vector
p = m X v
Crumple zones
Factors affecting stopping distances
Drivers reaction times
Drinking alcohol, taking drugs, tired.
Braking distances
Weather conditions, worn brakes or tyres, road surface, size of braking force.
Momentum = mass X velocity
Conservation of momentum
When two objects collide, the momentum they have before the collision = the momentum they have after the collision
Closed system = no external forces acting on it.
Changes in momentum
Force is applied to stop momentum
If momentum changes slowly, the force applied is small so less damage.
HIGHER ONLY
Braking and kinetic energy
Work done by braking force, reduces kinetic energy
Kinetic energy decreases, temperature of brakes increases due to frictional forces.
PHYSICS HIGHER ONLY

6. AQA FORCES – part 2 Observing and recording motion
Velocity changes.
Constant speed, direction changes.
Area under the graph shape
(final velocity) 2 – (initial velocity) 2 = 2 X acceleration X distance
V2 – u2 = 2 X a X s
HIGHER ONLY
Gradient = vertical ÷ horizontal
It takes time for objects to reach top speed
Draw a tangent to the curve, work out gradient.
Shows speed of an object
Falling objects accelerate due to gravity.
In no air resistance, objects accelerate at 9.8m/s2
Air resistance slows falling objects down.
Falling objects
Objects in a circular motion, change direction but keep a constant speed
Object getting faster
Object slowing down
Weight of an object is balanced by resistive forces
Object moves at a constant velocity. Resultant force = 0.
The speed of an object with direction
Vector
HIGHER ONLY
Acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time taken
PHYSICS ONLY
Size of air resistance depends on area of object and speed
Larger the area, the larger the air resistance.
Larger the speed, the larger the air resistance.
Speed of sound 330m/s.
HIGHER ONLY
Change in velocity
Vector
Speed = distance ÷ time
v = s ÷ t
Shows how far an object moves along a straight line
Use the gradient of graph
Forces, acceleration and Newton’s Laws of motion
How fast an object moves
Scalar
Includes the distance and direction an object moves
vector
How far an object moves
scalar
When objects continue in the same state of motion
Speed or direction only changes if a resultant force acts on the object
Describing motion
Acceleration is proportional to resultant force.
Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass.
HIGHER ONLY
30m/s
60m/s
200m/s
1.5m/s
3m/s
6m/s
Speed is rarely constant.
AQA FORCES – part 2
Balanced forces
When the resultant force on an still object = 0, the object is stationary.
When the resultant force on a moving object = 0, the object is at a constant speed.
Unbalanced forces
When the resultant force is greater than 0, the object accelerates. It could speed up, slow down or change direction.
Equal and opposite forces
When two objects interact the forces exerted are equal and in an opposite direction.
Observing and recording motion
Speed affects both thinking and braking distances.
Frictional forces decelerate a moving object and bring it to rest.
Forces and braking
Distance travelled whilst the driver reacts
Distance travelled whilst the car is stopped by the brakes
Total thinking and braking distances
Force = mass X acceleration
HIGHER ONLY
F = m X a
Typical reaction time = 0.7s
How difficult it is to change the velocity of an object
Inertial mass = force ÷ acceleration
If the mass is large, to change velocity a big force is needed.
Momentum
HIGHER ONLY
Metres per second (m/s)
Metres (m)
Seconds (s)
Metres per second squared (m/s2)
Newton (N)
Kilogram (Kg)
Kilograms metres per second (Kgm/s)
Is a vector
p = m X v
Crumple zones
Drivers reaction times
Drinking alcohol, taking drugs, tired.
Braking distances
Weather conditions, worn brakes or tyres, road surface, size of braking force.
Momentum = mass X velocity
When two objects collide, the momentum they have before the collision = the momentum they have after the collision
Closed system = no external forces acting on it.
Force is applied to stop momentum
If momentum changes slowly, the force applied is small so less damage.
HIGHER ONLY
Work done by braking force, reduces kinetic energy
Kinetic energy decreases, temperature of brakes increases due to frictional forces.
PHYSICS HIGHER ONLY

7. AQA FORCES – part 2 Observing and recording motion
Aeroplane banks to change direction
Car travelling around a bend
Satellite orbiting the Earth
Distance travelled
Constant acceleration
HIGHER ONLY
Gradient =
Accelerating objects
Velocity-time graph
Falling objects
In no air resistance,
Air resistance
Falling objects
Changing velocity
Accelerating
Decelerating
Terminal velocity
Velocity
HIGHER ONLY
Acceleration =
PHYSICS ONLY
Parachuting
Speed of sound
HIGHER ONLY
Acceleration
Speed =
v = s ÷ t
Distance-time graph
Speed of object
Forces, acceleration and Newton’s Laws of motion
Speed
Displacement
Distance
Inertia
Describing motion
AQA FORCES – part 2
Acceleration is proportional to
Acceleration is inversely proportional
HIGHER ONLY
Car on motorway
Train
Jet plane
Walking
Running
Cycling
Speed is
Newton’s first Law
Newton’s second Law
Newton’s third Law
Observing and recording motion
Speed affects
Frictional forces
Forces and braking
Thinking distance
Braking distance
Stopping distance
Force =
HIGHER ONLY
F = m X a
Typical reaction time =
Inertial mass
Momentum
HIGHER ONLY
Speed / velocity
Distance
Time
Acceleration
Force
Mass
Momentum
p = m X v
Crumple zones
Factors affecting stopping distances
Momentum =
Conservation of momentum
Changes in momentum
HIGHER ONLY
Braking and kinetic energy
PHYSICS HIGHER ONLY

8. AQA FORCES – part 2 Observing and recording motion
HIGHER ONLY
Gradient =
Falling objects
In no air resistance,
Air resistance
Falling objects
HIGHER ONLY
PHYSICS ONLY .
HIGHER ONLY
v =
Forces, acceleration and Newton’s Laws of motion
Speed or direction
Describing motion
Acceleration is
HIGHER ONLY
Speed
AQA FORCES – part 2
Observing and recording motion
Speed affects
Frictional forces
Forces and braking
HIGHER ONLY
F =
Typical
Momentum
HIGHER ONLY
p =
Crumple zones
HIGHER ONLY
PHYSICS HIGHER ONLY