1. Zhejiang University School of Medicine
医学史简论（6)
A Brief History of Medicine
浙江大学医学院 余 海
Zhejiang University School of Medicine

2. Student Presentation March 21, 2016
1. Development of Medicine under capitalistic and communist regimes Benson Botchway *Egor Glasov *Jordan Paul Sullivan *Mukilmathi Nagarajan Shivaani Venkat Mohammad Tseel Traditional Mongolian Medicine Precious Blood 543 Aisha sapears 478 Farhin kalyani Mass.Sh 470 Precious MAKAYI 476 Justine Evolution of medicine Nay Chi Thet Htet Chit ( ) Laieba tasneem ( ) S Navitha ( ) Jemima Capriati Stanley ( )
Khawla ali Ahmed ( )
Teruko Fukuyama ( )
Ishwari Chandran lyer ( )
4. History of Music Therapy
 Thanatcha Ariyanukooltorn
 Vajara Nagavajara
Thammakaysorn Puengsaitdee 
  Sanfun Kumkong
 Pichsinee Chankitiwat
5. History of Thai Medicine
Nidchaphan Uttayapamornwat
Chaiyakiat
Warith Poopongpanish
Paemika Meesawat
Pantawan Sompan
Tantikorn Mongkhon
Pakkapinya Prakobpol

3. Student Presentation March 25, 2016
1. Psychology & MPD Al
Ali
Duaa
Batool
Zainab
Tanmay
2. The evolution of medicine in Egypt through the ages
温秀兰 525 Julia Kusnadi 古谊香 520 陈韵怡 Chia Han Bin 陈瀚斌498
Apicha Hirandilokgul 王伟强521
3. Thai Massage
Pakaporn Hiranlakana ( )
Phichayapha Pinitkit ( )
Pawarisa Puwarattanakul( )
Suwaroj Jiarasincharoen ( )
Kullayos Srijaranai ( ) Sivisa Ittipornwanich ( ) 4. Mental illness （Autism） Aziza Mukasheva APPAVU SUSMITHA Sreeprabha Malavika Kaipparettu J.balkees nowrin Aarthi Ramamurthy Anbalagan jayachandran Top crazziest medical treatments and theories Eman Zuhair Abdulla Sara Alaradi Noor Saeed Wasan Adel Sudus Mahdi

4. Student Presentation March 28, 2016
Merylyn Tafadzwa ( )
Amani Pelesi Fungo ( )
Thelma Musara ( )
4. The threat of eating raw food
Sunya Reongjareonsook
Phatchariyathon Loedlaksiri
Manunchaya Ruangnetr
Supitchar Kaiyakit
Oranat Tanprasertkul
5. Black Death
Murthy Vethathiri Ravi tamizhanban Mathivanan geethapriyan Captain Asir Sam Titus Moniga Annadurai Jayaprabha Ramalingam
1. Medical Technology Mona Mahgoub (No. 529) Hermela Teklu(No. 542) Vijay Varshan (No. 540) Fatema Mohamed (No. 559) 2 . Treatment of cholera and tuberculosis or the history of surgical procedures Vishnu Goutham Kota ( ) Ali Alisher ( ) Ajith Kumar Kannan ( ) Jiyad Gafoor ( ) 3. History of African Medicine Akith Nanayakkara ( ) Dalubuhle Tapiwa Gonese ( ) Faith Oluwadamilola ( )

5. Following people not grouped
HAJA NAJUMUDEEN MOHAMED IMRAN
IMRAN SHAHBAZ
MOHAMED HASAN ABDULLA
Mohammed Anwaar Ali Mughal
SEYED AHAMED REFAYEE MOHAMED FARIS
EQBAL DEAN MOHAMMAD

6. Egypt Babylon India China Greece Rome Medieval Arabic medicine
Origin of Medicine
Egypt Babylon India China
Greece
Rome
Medieval Arabic medicine
Renaissance
Pre-modern medicine
Modern medicine TCM
Western Medicine

7. Premodern Medicine: background
English Civil War (revolution) Replacement of English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England, then with a Protectorate under Lord of Protector Olive Cromwell， James II restoration of monarch（1660） ，William III (Prince of Orange) and Mary II overthrew James II, “Glorious Revolution”(1688） “The Bill of Rights” was passed and established constitutional monarchy（1689）
Oliver Cromwell
Trial and execution of Charles I for treason

8. Premodern Medicine: background
French revolution
 "Liberty leading the people"
The tripod

9. 近代医学发展的影响因素：资产阶级革命
French Revolution Liberty， Equality，Fraternity
Storming of Bastille
Execution of Louis XVI with the guillotine
January 21, 1793

10. Pre-modern Medicine: Industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.
Steam power - James Watt improved steam engine provided powerful energy for industrial revolutin 瓦特
James Watt

11. Pre-modern Medicine: Industrial revolution火车
Locomotive 轮船
Steamer boat
(George Stephenson )
and his locomotive（1829）

12. 近代医学发展的影响因素：工业革命 The starting point-textile industry
珍妮纺纱机Spinner Jenny

13. Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific revolution
Laws of Motion:
First law: Law of Inertia
Second law F=ma
Third law:
Action=Reaction
Universal Gravitation
First law: If there is no net force on an object, then its velocity is constant. The object is either at rest (if its velocity is equal to zero), or it moves with constant speed in a single direction.[
Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F acting on the body, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass m of the body, i.e., F = ma.
Third law: When a first body exerts a force F1 on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force F2 = −F1 on the first body. This means that F1 and F2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Isaac Newton

14. Pre-modern Medicine: Scientific thinking & methodology
(“Enlightenment”) Descartes' rationalism and Bacon's empiricism had to be combined to produce the modern scientific method
培根 Francis Bacon
According to Bacon, scientists should experiment freely and collect facts about everything in the world, until in due time the accumulation of facts would make clear the way nature behaves. From the storehouse of accumulated facts, scientists would induce the laws of nature. (inductive methodology ) Knowledge itself is power
笛卡儿 Rene Descartes
According to Descartes, scientists should deduce the laws of nature by pure reason, starting from the axioms of mathematics and our knowledge of the existence of God. Experiments needed to be done only to verify that the logical deduction of the laws of nature was correct. (deductive methodology) His aphorism is I think therefore I am

15. Pre-modern medicine: chemical school （Iatrochemie）
Flemish physician, philosopher, mystic, and chemist
van Helmont demonstrated that acid was the digestive element in the stomach and was neutralized by alkali in the intestine and that blood combined with a “ferment from the air”.
His theory of “ferments” as the agents bringing about physiological processes is a crude precursor of the idea of enzymes
(fermentum).
Jan Baptista van Helmont
( )

16. Pre-modern medicine: chemical school （Iatrochemie）
He was professor of medicine at the University of Leiden, Holland
He believes that all life and disease processes are based on chemical actions.
That school of thought attempted to understand medicine in terms of universal rules of physics and chemistry.
Sylvius also introduced the concept of chemical affinity as a way to understand the way the human body uses salts and contributed greatly to the understanding of digestion and of bodily fluids.
Franciscus Sylvius 
( )

17. Pre-modern medicine: physical school （Iatrophysics）
Alfonso Borelli
Italian physiologist, physicist and mathematician father of modern biomechanics

18. Pre-modern medicine: physical school
（Iatrophysics）
French physician and philosopher, materialists of the enlighterment. He is best known for his work L’homme machine  (Man a machine published anonymously 1747), wherein he claimed that human beings were machines. 。
Julien Offray de La Mettrie
美特里
Wheel gear spring lever bearing glider

19. Three major discoveries of 19th century
能量守恒和转化定律
The Law of Energy Conservation
生物进化论
The Evolution
细胞学说的建立
The Cell Theory

20. 能量守恒和转化定律
Sanctorius ( ）Italian physiologist, professor of Padua
For a period of thirty years Sanctorius weighed himself, everything he ate and drank, as well as his urine and feces. He compared the weight of what he had eaten to that of his waste products, the latter being considerably smaller. He produced his theory of insensible perspiration as an attempt to account for this difference.
Weighing Chair

21. The Law of Energy Conservation
Geman physician and physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics.
In 1841 he made the original statements of the conservation of energy or the first versions of the first law of thermodynamics: “Energy can be neither created nor destroyed”
In 1842, Mayer described the vital chemical process now referred to as oxidation as the primary source of energy for any living creature. His achievements were overlooked and priority for the discovery of the mechanical equivalent of heat was attributed to James Joule in the following year.
He also proposed that plants convert light into chemical energy.
Julius Robert von Mayer 
( )

22. The Law of Energy Conservation
James Joule （ ） English physicist and brewer He studied the nature of heat and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (mechanical heat equivalent)，confirmed the law of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics

23. Charles Robert Darwin English naturalist
Evolution
All species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors, through the process he called natural selection.
In modern evolutionary theory, Darwin’s scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, providing logical explanation for the diversity of life.
Charles Robert Darwin English naturalist
( )

24. Evolution Charles Robert Darwin
In his five-year ( ) voyage on HMS Beagle  established him as an eminent geologist Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his theory of natural selection in 1838。

25. 加拉帕戈斯群岛 Galapagos Islands
达尔文雀 Darwin’s Finches
加拉帕戈斯群岛 Galapagos Islands
属厄瓜多尔，距南美大陆1000公里 由23岛屿和组成，称“生物进化活博物馆”
beak
加拉帕戈斯象龟
Galapagos Tortoise
共12亚种，平塔岛亚种“Longsome George” 死亡
Eating cactuses

26. On the Origin of Species
established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature
“The struggle for existence, Survival of the fittest” (物竞天择，适者生存)
“I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection.”
Published in 1859

27. He examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex(1871), followed by The Expression of the Emotion in Man and Animals (1872)

28. Evolution：Evidence from embryology
Ernst Haeckel  
Recapitulation theory : an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' entire evolutionary development, or phylogeny
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny fish, amphibians, reptiles, aves, mammalia, primate

29. Darwin 2009 commemorations
In the United Kingdom a special commemorative issue of the two pound coin shows a portrait of Darwin facing a chimpanzee surrounded by the inscription 1809 DARWIN 2009, with the edge inscription ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 1859
In September 2008, the Church of England issued an article saying that the 200th anniversary of his birth was a fitting time to apologise to Darwin "for misunderstanding you and, by getting our first reaction wrong, encouraging others to misunderstand you still".[

30. The Cell Theory Robert Hooke 1635-1702
The discovery of plant cell (cork) and its naming
Robert Hooke

31. The Cell Theory
German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory, along with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow.
He wrote Contributions to Phytogenesis (1838), in which he stated that the different parts of the plant organism are composed of cells
(inductive)
Matthias Schleiden

32. The Cell Theory
In Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals (1839), in which he declared that "All living things are composed of cells and cell products." Thus cell theory was definitely constituted.
Theodor Schwann
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath

33. The Cell Theory
Cells are the unit of structure, function and reproduction in living things.
Anything that is living is composed of cells
The chemical reactions of an organism occur in cells
All cells come from preexisting cells

34. The development of pathology: Organ pathology
Giovanni Battista Morgagni
Italian anatomist, professor of Padua University, and he is celebrated as the father of the modern anatomical pathology

35. The development of pathology
1761 published De Sedibus et causis morborum per anatomem indagatis (On the seats and causes of diseases investigated by anatomy)
Based on 70 letters containing the records of some 646 dissections, including the symptoms during the course of the malady and the conditions found after death. 
He made pathological  anatomy a science, and diverted the course of medicine into new channels of exactness or precision

36. The development of pathology : Histopathology
French anatomist and physiologist, is best remembered as the father of modern histology and pathology
He dissected 600 cadavers/year, was the first to introduce the notion of tissue as distinct entities.
 He maintained that diseases attacked tissues rather than whole organs.
Marie François Xavier Bichat

37. Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow
The development of pathology : cellular pathology
German doctor, anthropologist, public health activist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, referred to as the “Father of Pathology,” and founded the field of  social medicine. (duel challenged by Bismarck)
Omnis cellula e cellula ("every cell originates from another existing cell like it.") which he published in 1858
First one who discovered leukemia
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow

38. Medical Terms named after Virchow
Virchow's angle — The angle between the nasobasilar line and the nasosubnasal line.
Virchow's disease — leontiasis ossium.
Virchow's line — a line from the root of the nose to the lambda.
Virchow's method of autopsy — A method of autopsy where each organ is taken out one by one.
Virchow’s node— the presence of metastatic cancer in a lymph-node in the supraclavicular fossa (root of the neck left of the midline). Also known as Troisier’s sign.
 Virchow’s triad— factors contributing toward venous thrombus formation.

40. Nobel Prize and Modern Medicine

41. Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel 1833-1896
Alfred Nobel born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm Sweden, was a chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. Nobel held 355 different patents and amassed a sizeable personal fortune during his lifetime. In 1896 Nobel died of a stroke in San Remo, Italy.
Alfred Nobel
“The merchant of death is dead”

42. Nobel Prize
Nobel's will expressed a request that his money be used for prizes in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine and literature.
The Nobel Foundation was founded on 29 June 1900 specifically to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. The first prizes were awarded on December
Norway's Nobel Committee is the awarder of the Peace Prize, while Sweden is the awarder of the other prizes.
Nobel Prize in Economics (the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel) started from 1969

43. Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize includes a medal, a diploma and awarded money.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded by Kaolinska Institute.
The prizes were conferred on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death in Stockholm and Oslo. The awards are bestowed at a gala ceremony followed by a banquet.

44. 诺贝尔生理或医学奖 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Since late 19th century scientific medicine has emerged and developed, Nobel Prize witnesses each steps of its development, and covers almost all important events of modern medicine.
From , 106 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 210 people（39x1+33x2+35x3). There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942).

45. The First Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths“
(Pasteur d 1895)
Emil Adolf von Behring

46. Press Release
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute has today decided to award
the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
with one half jointly to
William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites
and the other half to
Youyou Tu for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria

47. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015
Youyou Tu 屠呦呦
Born: 1930, Zhejiang Ningpo, China
Affiliation at the time of the award: China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
Prize motivation: "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"
Prize share: 1/2
Satoshi Ōmura 大村智
Born: 1935, Yamanashi prefektur, Japan
Affiliation at the time of the award: Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
Prize share: 1/4
William C. Campbell
Born: 1930, Ramelton, Ireland
Affiliation at the time of the award: Drew University, Madison, NJ, USA
Prize motivation: "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
Prize share: 1/4

48. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015
William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura discovered a new drug, Avermectin, the derivatives of which have radically lowered the incidence of River Blindness and Lymphatic Filariasis, as well as showing efficacy against an expanding number of other parasitic diseases.
Youyou Tu discovered Artemisinin, a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from Malaria.

49. 疟疾 Malaria
The medicinal value of Artemisia annua has been used by Chinese herbalists in TCM for 2,000 years. In 1596, Li Shizhen recommended tea made from qinghao to treat malaria in his “Compendium of Materia Materia” (本草纲目）.
Artemisinins, discovered by Chinese scientist Tu Youyou and colleagues in the 1970s from the plant Artemisia annua, became the recommended treatment for P. falciparum malaria, administered in combination with other antimalarials as well as in severe disease.
晋代葛洪著《肘后备急方》：“青蒿一握，以水二升渍，绞取汁，尽服之”。

50. Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
屠呦呦 Tu Youyou
September 2011 awarded Lasker Prize, for the discovery of artemisinin, a drug therapy for malaria that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world.
June 2015 awarded Warren Alpert Prize
1930 -

51. Controversy of Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926
“for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma”（Fibiger‘s tumour） Johanne Fibiger, a Denish pathologist reported that an eelworm Spiroptera neoplastica can induce gastric cancer in 1925, and awarded Nobel Prize in But for 80 years his results have never been repeated.
Johannes Fibiger

52. Discovery of Rous carcinoma virus
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses“
1911 Rous discovered that the filtrate of chicken sarcoma induced healthy chicken to get the same cancer（Rous sarcoma vius RSV）, but not recognized by science community, until1960s when various tumor-induced viruses were discovered. After 55 later（1966年）Rous at 87 ultimately awarded Nobel Prize.-longevity is important.
Peyton Rous 1879－ 1970
One exception Ralph M Steinman

53. 诺贝尔奖的遗憾 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"
Swiss chemist Paul Muller awarded 1948 Nobel Prize for his invention of effective insecticide DDT. But the chemist is difficultly dissolved cause serous environmental pollution. The Royal Sweden academy of Science admitted this is a mistake to award the prize to DDT inventor.
Paul Hermann Müller 1899－1965

54. Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz.
诺贝尔奖的遗憾
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"
Moniz invented a procedure prefrontal leucotomy to treat mental disorders. Because of serous side effect, the procedure was criticized widely and abandoned in 1950s.
Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz.
1874－ 1955

55. Leucotomy in frontal lobe

56. Medicine: the youngest science
Since late half of 19th century medicine has completed the transformation from Empirical Medicine, philosophical Medicine to Scientific Medicine，so medicine became the youngest science (Lewis Thomas)
Nobel Prize witnessed and recorded the milestone events in various fields of medicine.

57. Moving yet and never stopping Pioneers! o Pioneers!
Through the battle
Through defeat
Moving yet and never stopping
Pioneers! o Pioneers!
-Walt Whitman
屡战屡败，屡败屡战
勇往直前，永不止步
先驱者，
啊， 可敬的先驱者！
-沃尔特. 惠特曼
Andrew Balfour ( ) the first Director of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (1923）