1. Life Chemistry 1

2. Inorganic vs Organic
Inorganic compounds, such as oxygen (O2), water (H2O), and ammonia (NH3), normally do not contain carbon. (There are some exceptions such as carbon dioxide (CO2)).

3. Inorganic vs Organic
Organic compounds such as glucose (C6H12O6) and methane (CH4) have other atoms attached to a carbon atom.

4. The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon has an atomic number of 6.
That means that it has 6 protons and 6 electrons (because atoms are neutral – remember?)
Where do we find valence electrons?

5. Three reasons why… Carbon can bond with up to 4 other atoms.
When carbon bonds with itself, it forms long chains and rings (macromolecules).

6. Three reasons why… C (Carbon) H (Hydrogen) N (Nitrogen) O (Oxygen)
3. Carbon also bonds to:
C (Carbon)
H (Hydrogen)
N (Nitrogen)
O (Oxygen)
P (Phosphorus)
S (Sulfur)
(CHNOPS)

7. Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
The building blocks of these large molecules are called monomers (single units).
Monomers link together by forming covalent bonds. The larger molecules are called polymers (many units).

8. Types of Organic Compounds (Macromolecules)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

9. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
They are carbon combined with hydrate (water)
C1 H2O1

10. Carbohydrates
The monomer for carbohydrates is the monosaccharide: (Mono – single; saccharide – sugar).
Monosaccharides often taste sweet. Examples include: glucose and fructose.

11. Carbohydrates Carbohydrate polymers are called polysaccharides.
(Poly – many;
saccharide – sugar).
Polysaccharides have a starchy taste. Examples include:
Disaccharides – sucrose
Starches
Cellulose – structural material in plants
Monosaccharide

12. Carbohydrates The function of carbohydrates include:
Primary energy source for organisms
Structural material in plants and insects.

13. Lipids AKA Fats
Lipids are made from carbon, oxygen, hydrogen atoms arranged in long chains.
Lipids are not soluble in water.

14. Lipids
The monomer for lipids is the fatty acid. Lipids also contain a glycerol backbone.
Polymers of fatty acid molecules are called lipids.
Examples include: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

15. Lipids The functions of lipids in the body are:
As long term energy storage
For insulation
For cell membrane structure

16. Warm Up: 1/31/18
Name the two macromolecules/polymers we learned about yesterday? What are the building blocks (monomers) of these polymers?
Grab a glue stick and a pair of scissors at the back of the class! Macromolecule cut & paste!

17. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
There are two types of nucleic acids:
DNA-Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
RNA- Ribonucleic Acid

18. Nucleic Acids The monomer for nucleic acids is the nucleotide.
DRAW THIS!
The monomer for nucleic acids is the nucleotide.
A nucleotide is made of three parts:
1. a sugar
2. a nitrogen base
3. a phosphate group

19. Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide monomers combine to form polymers called nucleic acids.

20. Nucleic Acids The function of nucleic acids is to
1. Store genetic information
2. To control cell activities by directing protein synthesis.

21. Proteins
Protein molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

22. Proteins
Protein monomers are called amino acids; there are 20 of them.

23. Proteins Amino acids form polymers known as polypeptides.
DNA tells the cell how to put the 20 different amino acids together; making endless numbers of proteins.

24. Proteins Proteins have different shapes.
The arrangement of the amino acids determines the shape of the protein.
The shape of the protein determines the function of the protein.

25. Proteins The function of proteins include: Structural – hair, nails
Transport – hemoglobin
Movement – muscle fibers and cytoskeletons
Defense – antibodies
A biological catalyst- enzymes

26. A Special Kind of Protein – The ENZYME!
Activation energy w/out enzyme
Activation energy w/ enzyme
Enzymes are biological catalysts
Catalyst speed up chemical reactions in living things.
Enzymes require homeostasis because they only work with specific temperatures and pH.
Reactants
Products

27. The Lock and Key Model Enzymes work like a “lock and key” model.
Each enzyme (the lock) has one specific substrate (the key) that it reacts with.

28. The Lock and Key Model
1st – the substrate attaches to the enzyme at the “active site”.
2nd – the enzyme forces the reaction to occur.
3rd – the new products are released and the enzyme is ready to work again.

29. Enzymes and Chemical Reactions
Enzymes reduce the amount of energy needed to start the chemical reaction; allowing them to occur faster.
Organisms would not be able to live without enzymes. 29