1. Cell Structure, Function And Energy
TAKS Review
Cell Structure, Function
And Energy
Note: on the flash animation slides next button will flash when the current animation is complete. There may be sound, but I have not gotten it to work. There are specific points to discuss for each animation—these are suggestions only.

2. Have students make T-chart (prokaryotic and eukaryotic).
Press play; ask S what major difference is.
Ans: no nucleus/nucleus—S add to chart
Press next when blinking; ask S for other differences
Press next when blinking; shows circular and linear DNA—S add to chart
Press next; no organelles/organelles—S add to chart
Press next; small and large—S add to chart
Press next; reproductive rates—S add to chart
Press next; examples—S add to chart

3. Press Play; T ask S if Eukaryotic or prokaryotic? How do they know?
T direct S to pay attention to areas highlighted in pink (starts with cell membrane)
Press next; tell S cytoplasm is all the goo and organelles inside the membrane
Press next; T ask S to recall function of organelles now labeled (cheat sheet for you on slide 5; only difference between Rough and Smooth ER is rough has ribosomes attached to surface)
Press next; Ask S why nucleus is important; ans: protect DNA

4. Review organelles and fuction Remind S mitochondria is popular on TAKS
Controls what enters and leaves
makes proteins
packages proteins
provides energy : site of cellular respiration, conversion of food energy into usable energy (ATP)
Transport system
Breaks down old cell parts
Review organelles and fuction
Remind S mitochondria is popular on TAKS

5. Cell Part Function Cell membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Nuclear membrane
Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Chromosomes
Genetic information in the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport system in cell
Ribosome
Organelle makes proteins
Golgi Body
Organelle packages proteins
Vacuole
Stores water and/or waste
Lysosome
Breaks down old cell parts
Mitochondria
Organelle for cellular respiration – provides energy
S can copy (not necessary)
To expedite only have students copy: cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole, lysosome, mitochondria

6. Practice Question
Which of these is a characteristic of body cells that require large amounts of energy?
A They have a large number of mitochondria.
B They have a supplementary Y chromosome.
C They have a two-layer membrane.
D They have a storage area for albumin proteins.
Remind S to always associate mitochondria with Energy A

7. Direct S to note plants have large vacuole, chloroplast and cell wall---animals cells do not

8. Cellular Energy Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Converts sunlight energy into high energy sugars
Converts high energy sugars into usable energy (in the form of ATP)
Takes place in the chloroplast
Takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
Occurs mainly in plants and some bacteria
Occurs in all organisms
Read through with students—note highlighted words
Emphasis: Only organisms that make energy need chloroplasts, but ALL organisms undergo cellular respiration because all organisms use energy (even plants);

9. Press play; ask S Where does most photosynthesis take place in plants (ans: leaves)
Ask S where in leaf cells does photosynthesis take place? (ans: in chloroplasts)
Review formula as it comes up
S can copy here or copy on next slide

10. Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
6CO H2O + Energy  6O2 + C6H12O6
carbon dioxide water sunlight  oxygen + glucose
Cellular Respiration
Allow S to copy (words or equation)
Emphasize that products and reactants are switched
Emphasize the path of energy: sunlight to sugars, sugars to ATP (usable energy)
6O C6H12O6  6CO H2O + Energy
oxygen glucose  carbon dioxide + water ATP

11. LOTS of energy released
High Energy Sugars
Glycolysis
Oxygen
No oxygen
Aerobic
AnAerobic
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Emphasis:
1. Anaerobic pathway is fermentation and only releases a little energy
Aerobic pathway gets a lot of E from sugars
Remind students of vocabulary: aerobic is with oxygen; anaerobic is without oxygen
LOTS of energy released
A little energy released

12. Practice Question
Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s —
A mitochondria
B chloroplasts
C plastids
D lysosomes
Energy conversion is key word in Question A

13. Practice Question
Which molecule provides most of the energy used to drive chemical reactions in cells?
F DNA
G RNA
H ATP
J ADP
DNA and RNA are genetic materials
Remind students ATP has more energy than ADP
FYI: adenosine triphosphate/diphosphate H

14. Transport across the membrane
Purpose: to move nutrients and wastes in and out of the cell and maintain…
T ask S the purpose
Click to reveal homeostasis
Ask S for definition: balance, equilibrium, same…
Homeostasis

15. Cell Membrane Structure
The lipid bilayer is selectively permeable; only small, nonpolar molecules can pass. Other molecules need carrier or channel proteins.
Emphasis:
Lipid bilayer: double layered membrane
Selectively permeable
Proteins are present to help move big molecules

16. Concentration is a measurement of the amount of solute (in grams) compared to the volume of the solution (in liters)
Grams per liter or g/L
Concentrations change as particles and/or water move into or out of the cell

17. Movement can be passive or active.
NO energy required
Needs energy
Simple diffusion
Facilitated
diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Emphasize energy

18. Press play; water can move in and out of cell; many solutes can’t cross cell membrane. Movement of water is determined by relative concentration of solute.
Press next; in a HYPERtonic solution, the area outside the cell is MORE concentrated and water moves out
Press next; ISO means same—no NET movement
Press next; in a HYPOtonic solution, the area outside the cell is LESS concentrated and water moves into the cell.

19. Diffusion vs. Osmosis
Diffusion is the movement of PARTICLES from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Osmosis is the movement of WATER from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration; water moves because the particles can’t
Emphasis: idea that osmosis is to move water to balance concentrations

20. Simple Rule to remember: SALT SUCKS
Salt is a solute. When it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is why you get thirsty after eating something salty.
Salt sucks…..
Simple Rule to remember: SALT SUCKS

21. What is Active Transport?
What is Active Transport?
Active = Energy
Energy is used to move selected molecules into a cell, even if they are at a low concentration.

22. Practice Question
Saltwater fish remove extra salt from their body by active transport through the gills. What is the result of this activity?
A The salt becomes more chemically active.
B Water balance is maintained in the blood.
C The rate of energy production is decreased.
D The cell membrane becomes less permeable to water. B
Remember the purpose of movement across the membrane is to maintain homeostasis
Keyword in answer is balance

23. Practice Question
When a sea urchin egg is removed from the ocean and placed in freshwater, the egg swells and bursts. Which of these causes water to enter the egg?
A Coagulation
B Sodium pump
C Active transport
D Osmosis D

24. Practice Question
On a hot summer day, a road-crew worker perspires and then feels thirsty as her body temperature increases. This response is an example of-
A. releasing enzymes
B. decreasing respiration
C. assimilating proteins
D. maintaining homeostasis D

25. Practice Question
Which of these is a function of the cell membrane in all cells?
A Producing cellular nutrients
B Preserving cellular wastes
C Neutralizing chemicals
D Maintaining homeostasis D