1. Immigration to the U.S.,

2. Foreign-born Population, 1890
The influx of ethnic nationalities led to a new “melting pot” (“salad bowl”?) national image

4. Urban Political Machines
Urban “political machines” were loose networks of party precinct captains led by a “boss”
Tammany Hall was the most famous machine; Boss Tweed led the corrupt “Tweed Ring”
Political machines were not all corrupt (“honest graft”); helped the urban poor & built public works like the Brooklyn Bridge
NY County Courthouse supposed to cost city $250,000 but ended up costing $13million.

5. Boss Tweed
Tweed Courthouse—NY County Courthouse was supposed to cost $250,000 but cost $13 million.

6. American Industrialization
Benefits of rapid industrialization:
The U.S. became the world’s #1 industrial power
Per capita wealth doubled
Improving standard of living
Human cost of industrialization:
Exploitation of workers; growing gap between rich & poor
Rise of giant monopolies 19