1. Mining and Deforestation
Chapter-5
Mining and Deforestation

2. Mining
Mining refers to the process of extracting metals and minerals from the earth. Gold, silver, diamond, iron, coal, and uranium are just a few of the vast array of metals and minerals that are obtained by this process. In fact, mining is the source of all the substances that cannot be obtained by industrial processes or through agriculture. Mining reaps huge profits for the companies that own them and provides employment to a large number of people. It is also a huge source of revenue for the government. Despite its economic importance, the effects of mining on the environment is a pressing issue.

3. Mining

4. Large Scale v/s Small Scale Mining
Large scale mining usually involves a company with many employees.  The company mines at one or two large sites and usually stays until the mineral or metal is completely excavated.  An example of a large scale mine is the Serra Pelada mine in Brazil which yielded 29,000 tons of gold from 1980 to 1986 and employed 50,000 workers (Kricher, 1997).
Small scale mining usually involves a small group of nomadic men.  They travel together and look for sites which they think will yield gold or another valuable metal or mineral.  Small scale mining occurs in places such as Suriname, Guyana, Central Africa, and many other places around the world.  Some researchers believe that small scale mining is more harmful to the environment and causes more social problems than large scale mining. 

5. Effects of Mining
Mining is generally very destructive to the environment.  It is one of the main causes of deforestation.  In order to mine, trees and vegetation are cleared and burned.  With the ground completely bare, large scale mining operations use huge bulldozers and excavators to extract the metals and minerals from the soil.  In order to amalgamate (cluster) the extractions, they use chemicals such as cyanide, mercury, or methyl mercury.  These chemicals go through tailings (pipes) and are often discharged into rivers, streams, bays, and oceans.  This pollution contaminates all living organisms within the body of water and ultimately the people who depend on the fish for their main source of protein and their economic livelihood. 

6. Small scale mining is equally devastating to the environment, if not more.  Groups of 5-6 men migrate from one mining site to another in search of precious metals, usually gold. 
There are two types of small scale mining: land dredging and river dredging:
Land dredging involves miners using a generator to dig a large hole in the ground.  They use a high pressure hose to expose the gold-bearing layer of sand and clay.  The gold bearing slurry is pumped into a sluice box, which collects gold particles, while mine tailings flow into either an abandoned mining pit or adjacent forest.  When the mining pits fill with water from the tailings, they become stagnant water pools.   

7. These pools create a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other water-born insects.  Malaria and other water-born diseases increase significantly whenever open pools of water are nearby. 
River dredging involves moving along a river on a platform or boat.  The miners use a hydraulic suction hose and suction the gravel and mud as they move along the river.  The gravel, mud, and rocks go through the tailings (pipes) and any gold fragments are collected on felt mats.  The remaining gravel, mud, and rocks go back into the river, but in a different location than where it was originally suctioned.  This creates problems for the river.  The displaced gravel and mud disrupt the natural flow of the river.  Fish and other living organisms often die and fishermen can no longer navigate in the obstructed rivers. 

8. How does mining affect the people?
The people who are exposed to the toxic waste from the tailings become sick.  They develop skin rashes, headaches, vomiting, diarrheal, etc.  In fact, the symptoms of mercury poisoning are very similar to the symptoms of malaria.  Many people who can not afford to go to a doctor, or who live in a village where a doctor is not accessible, are often not treated for their illnesses.   
If the water is contaminated, the people can not use it for bathing, cooking, or washing their clothes.
If the man of the household is a small scale miner, he often leaves his wife and children in search of work.  This means that the wife and children must work and provide for themselves.  They must also protect themselves from thieves. 

9. Theft, drugs/alcohol, prostitution, rape, and sexual abuse are unfortunately some of the effects of mining. 
Cultural degradation also occurs in mining villages.  For example, mining often destroys sacred sites and cemeteries.  In Guyana, a special fishing event called Haiari Fishing unfortunately can not take place if the river has been dredged for gold.  Remember, the displacement of the gravel and mud obstruct the natural flow of the river.  As a result, fish and other organisms die. 

10. What can we do as global citizens to curb the effects of mining?
Make companies who exploit developing countries accountable for their actions.
Boycott products produced by companies who do not mine is environmentally responsible ways.
Start talking.  Tell your family members, friends, teachers, and members in your community about the effects of mining and how jewellery made for gold, silver, and diamonds can be substituted for other metals which are mined in responsible ways. 
Write letters to governments who do not properly compensate people who have been affected by pollution from mining companies. 
Spread awareness of this issue by sharing your knowledge.  This is how change occurs. 

11. Deforestation
With the world growing at a pace hard to match, the increasing need for space is turning out to be an area of concern. With desperate need for land for agricultural, industrial and most importantly urban needs to contain cities and their growing population, a direct action that we have come to recognize as “Deforestation” occurs. Deforestation in simple term means the felling and clearing of forest cover or tree plantations in order to accommodate agricultural, industrial or urban use. It involves permanent end of forest cover to make that land available for residential, commercial or industrial purpose.

12. Over the last century the forest cover around the globe has been greatly compromised, leaving the green cover down to an all time low of about 30 per cent.  According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), an estimated 18 million acres (7.3 million hectares) of forest are lost each year.
Deforestation can also be seen as removal of forests leading to several imbalances ecologically and environmentally. What makes deforestation alarming is the immediate and long term effects it is bound to inflict if continued at the current pace. Some predictions state that the rain forests of the world will be destroyed completely if deforestation continues at its current pace.

13. Deforestation or clearance occurs due to several reasons, to get an overview we could include the need of money, both in terms of profitability as well as providing for one’s family in most scenarios, along with lack of or no forest laws, need for land space for housing etc among a long list of other uses. Mainly blamed on agricultural or pastoral use, farmers fell trees for increasing space for cultivation and/or as fodder land for grazing and surviving live stock. The whole concept of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture, is used to indicate this same process where farmers employ the above chain of actions for their purposes

14. Causes of Deforestation
1. Agricultural activities: As earlier mentioned in the overview, agricultural activities are one of the major factors affecting deforestation. Due to overgrowing demand for food products, huge amount of tress are fell down to grow crops and for cattle gazing. 2. Logging: Apart from this, wood based industries like paper, match-sticks, furniture etc also need a substantial amount of wood supply. Wood is used as fuel both directly and indirectly, therefore trees are chopped for supplies. Firewood and charcoal are examples of wood being used as fuel. Some of these industries thrive on illegal wood cutting and felling of trees.

15. 3. Urbanization: Further on order to gain access to these forests, the construction of roads are undertaken; here again trees are chopped to create roads. Overpopulation too directly affects forest covers, as with the expansion of cities more land is needed to establish housing and settlements. Therefore forest land is reclaimed. 4. Desertification of land: Some of the other factors that lead to deforestation are also part natural and part anthropogenic like Desertification of land. It occurs due to land abuse making it unfit for growth of trees. Many industries in petrochemicals release their waste into rivers which results in soil erosion and make it unfit to grow plants and trees.

16. 5. Mining: Oil and coal mining require considerable amount of forest land. Apart from this, roads and highways have to be built to make way for trucks and other equipment. The waste that comes out from mining pollutes the environment and effects the nearby species. 6. Fires: Another example would be forest blazes; Hundreds of trees are lost each year due to forest fires in various portions of the world. This happens due to extreme warm summers and milder winters. Fires, whether causes by man or nature results in huge loss of forest cover.

17. Effects of Deforestation
1. Climate Imbalance: Deforestation also affects the climate in more than one ways. Trees release water vapour in the air, which is compromised on with the lack of trees. Trees also provide the required shade that keeps the soil moist. This leads to the imbalance in the atmospheric temperature further making conditions for the ecology difficult. Flora and fauna across the world are accustomed to their habitat. This haphazard clearance of forests have forced several of these animals to shift from their native environment. Due to this several species are finding it difficult to survive or adapt to new habitats.

18. 2. Increase in Global Warming: Trees play a major role in controlling global warming. The trees utilize the green house gases, restoring the balance in the atmosphere. With constant deforestation the ratio of green house gases in the atmosphere has increased, adding to our global warming woes. 3. Soil Erosion: Also due to the shade of trees the soil remains moist. With the clearance of tree cover, the soil is directly exposed to the sun, making it dry.

19. 4. Floods: When it rains, trees absorb and store large amount of water with the help of their roots. When they are cut down, the flow of water is disrupted and leads to floods in some areas and droughts in other. 5. Wildlife extinction: Due to massive felling down of trees, various species of animals are lost. They lose their habitat and forced to move to new location. Some of them are even pushed to extinction. Our world has lost so many species of plants and animals in last couple of decades.

20. Control measures to Deforestation
1. The best solution to deforestation is to curb the felling of trees, by employing a series of rules and laws to govern it. Deforestation in the current scenario may have reduced however it would be too early to assume. The money-churner that forest resources can be, is tempting enough for deforestation to continue. 2. Clear cutting of forests must be banned. This will curb total depletion of the forest cover. It is a practical solution and is very feasible.

21. 3. Land skinned of its tree cover for urban settlements should be urged to plant trees in the vicinity and replace the cut trees. Also the cutting must  be replaced by  planting young trees to replace the older ones that were cut. Trees are being planted under several initiatives every year, but they still don’t match the numbers of the ones we’ve already lost.

22. Thanks