1. CH. 21 STUDENT NOTES
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

2. PROGRESSIVE PHILOSOPHY
The Progressive movement arose as a response to the negative effects of industrialization. Progressive reformers sought to regulate private industry, strengthen protections for workers and consumers, expose corruption in both government and big business, and generally improve society
Assumption of Progressives:
human nature could be improved through the enlightened application of regulations, incentives, and punishments
The power of the federal government could be harnessed to improve the individual and transform society
These two assumptions were not shared by political conservatives, who tended to believe that human nature was unchanging, and that the federal government should remain limited in size and scope.

3. PROGRESSIVE CAUSES Temperance Civil Rights Lynching Woman’s Suffrage
Disenfranchisement
Voter registration
Conservation
Income gap
Public health
Child protection
Settlement houses
Civil Service
Antitrust legislation
Banking and RR regulation
Imperialism
Birth control

4. Main Ideas
The federal government responded to grassroots reform efforts by enacting progressive policies.
Progressive Era reformers sought to harness the power of the federal government to eliminate unethical and unfair business practices, reduce corruption, and counteract the negative social effects of industrialization
Progressive reforms sought to establish a greater degree of democratic participation and strengthening the power of the federal government to regulate the economy.
Presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson all instituted progressive policies, though they were bitter rivals.

5. Who Were the Muckrakers?
Jacob Riis
Urban slums
Upton Sinclair
Meatpacking
Ida Tarbell
Standard Oil
John Spargo
Child Labor
Frank Norris
Western farmers
Lincoln Steffens
Municipal corruption
Nellie Bly
Mental Health
McClure’s Magazine
Leading muckraker magazine

6. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)
Garment Factory
New York City
Young women workers
Locked doors
145 dead

7. Reforms State labor departments Workers compensation Minimum wage laws
Max occupancy
Fire escapes

8. PROGRESSIVISM From 1890’s – start of WWI Progressive Movement
Reaction to rapid and chaotic growth of industry and urbanization – problems and injustices
Intense social and political reform
1) Social Justice – living/working conditions
2) Democracy – eliminate corruption
3) Anti-Monopoly – “big business” hurts consumers
Direct human intervention in social and economic affairs essential to order and stability – rejection of laissez-faire and social Darwinism

9. LEADERS OF MOVEMENT Jane Addams (1860-1935) Hull House
Robert LaFollete ( )
Wisconsin Idea
State accomplishments
Samuel Gompers
Unions
Susan B. Anthony
Prohibition
John Muir
Preservation
Muckrakers

10. PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENT
Modern Presidency – assert powers of the President to the forefront of national political life
“A great democracy will be neither great nor a democracy if it is not progressive.”

11. TRUSTBUSTER More like trust ”regulator”
Gov’t check on activities of big business
1890 – Sherman Antitrust Act
1904 Northern Securities Company v. US
Forced to dissolve
1st of 44 similar cases over next 7 yrs

12. ROOSEVELT AND UNIONS
“I want to try to help them and help myself and help all of us, not by doing away with the need of work, but by trying to create a situation in which work will be more fruitful, and in which the work shall produce and go hand and hand with opportunities and self-development.”
labor strike United Mine Workers vs. anthracite coal industry
Endangered coal supplies during winter
TR intervened; coal industry denied him; he threatened to take over mines (swag)
Workers 10% wage increase and 9 hr day
OMG! Did a US president just HELP a union?!?!?!

13. SQUARE DEAL
3 C’s
Conservation
Control Corps
Consumer Protection

15. CONSERVATION
“Decrease in fertile soil, and not either war or peace, which was fundamental in bringing about the decadence of nations.”
TR conservationist not preservationist
Careful management of human use of the wilderness; restrict private development
Influenced by Gifford Pinchot
National Reclamation Act 1902 – irrigation projects

16. Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1909 T.R.’s Personality Consumer Protection
“_______ Rider” in the Spanish-American War, 1898
“Speak softly and carry a big ________”
White House as a “______ Pulpit” to pass and enforce laws
Economic Policy
“________ Deal”: equality of opportunity for all
Anthracite ______ Strike: T.R. arbitrated, marking the first time the government didn’t automatically side with ________________
Trust-__________: T.R. was first president to enforce the ________ Anti-Trust Act to break apart monopolies (ex: Northern Securities v. U.S.)
Hepburn Act increased regulation of ____________ by ICC
Consumer Protection
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle led to the passage of the _____ Inspection Act and ______ Food & Drug Act
Conservation Policy
John Muir (_____ preservation) vs. Gifford Pinchot (__________ use)
Newlands ___________ Act
U.S. ________ Service
New ___________ Parks
Other Policies
Consulted Booker T. ____________ on civil rights
“______________’s Agreement” with Japan cut off immigration but guaranteed education to immigrants already here
________________ Foreign Policy
Roosevelt Corollary
Panama Canal

17. ELECTION OF 1908 REPUBLICANS: DEMOCRATS: William H. Taft “Big Bill”
Gov. - general Philippines
Sec. of War
Endorsed by TR – it’s like Oprah endorsing you!
"Vote for Taft now, you can vote for Bryan anytime”
DEMOCRATS:
William Jennings Bryan
Tried to out Progressive the Progressive – didn’t work

18. WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Hand-picked by TR
Pleased Progressives and Conservatives
Personality stale
Observed strict letter of the law
Busted more trusts than TR
Slow, cautious, lethargic…just like the law
Revered law
No bully pulpit!

19. Pinchot-Ballinger controversy
1910: Sec. of Interior Ballinger – accused of selling land for private profit
Gifford Pinchot accused Ballinger, Taft fired Pinchot
Lost support of Progressive conservationists and TR
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
April 1909 –Lower protective tariff rates – ended up raising tariffs for some
…not very PROGRESSIVE

20. MEANWHILE IN AFRICA… TR on safari and extended trip in Europe
Returned to US furious w/ Taft and convinced he could reunite the Republican party
Speaking tour – Osawatomie, KA – “New Nationalism”
Set of laws to protect workers, ensure public health, regulate business
More radical than first term
Trying to pressure Taft to reform
Conservatives losing popularity to Rep. and Dem. Progressives

21. ELECTION OF 1912 REPUBLICAN PARTY SPLIT! Democrats – Woodrow Wilson
Republicans – Taft
Progressives (split from Rep.) – fit as a “Bull Moose” Party – TR
Democrats – Woodrow Wilson
Socialist – Eugene V. Debs

22. William H. Taft, 1909-1913 Taft Tackles the Rich Roosevelt-Taft Split
16th Amendment created the __________ tax
Progressive (____________) taxation
“The more you ______, the more they ______”
Mann-Elkins Act allowed greater regulation of ___________ & _________ rates by ICC
Taft actually initiated more anti-________ suits than Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt-Taft Split
In U.S. v. U.S. Steel, Taft tried to prosecute one of Roosevelt’s “______” trusts
Payne-Aldrich Tariff lowered some import ________ but raised others
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair split the _____________ movement
Taft’s Foreign Policy
Dollar Diplomacy
Investment in Latin America & Asia

23. Progressive Democrat
Born and raised in south
1902 – Pres. Of Princeton
1910 – elected Gov. of NJ
“New Freedom” – harsher regulation of trusts

24. WILSON THE PROGRESSIVE
Favored unregulated, unmonopolized markets
Assault on “the triple wall of privilege” – tariff, banks, trust
1. Tariffs – Underwood Tariff Bill – LOWERED tariffs 2. Banking – Federal Reserve Act 1913
3. Clayton Anti-Trust Act

25. WILSON THE PROGRESSIVE
Federal Farm Loan Act
Seamen’s Act
Adamson Act
Keating-Owen Act
Smith-Lever Act
Louis Brandeis

26. PROGRESSIVE AMENDMENTS
16TH – income tax
17th – direct election of Senators
18th – prohibition
19th – woman’s suffrage

27. WOMAN SUFFRAGE National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Carrie Chapman Catt
Alice Paul – National Woman’s Party (1916)
Wanted suffrage and ERA

28. ANTI-SUFFRAGE

29. Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921 Triple Wall of Privilege Other Policies
Tariffs
Underwood Tariff lowered ________ duties and an amendment added a ________________ income tax
Trusts
Clayton Antitrust Act banned _______ discrimination and ______________ directorates, protected labor unions from ___________ actions, and gave “teeth” to the _____________ Antitrust Act
Federal ________ Commission enforced regulations and busted ____________
Banks
Federal __________ Act reformed banking system
Monetary policy controls ________ rates and inflation
Other Policies
New laws banned ______ labor
Adamson Act required 8-hour day for ___________ employees (with extra pay for ________)
17th Amendment: Direct election of _____________
18th Amendment: _________ of alcohol
19th Amendment: _________’s suffrage
Wilson appointed the 1st _____ justice to Supreme Court but, as a Southern Democrat, he _________ federal employment
Foreign Policy
Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy
WWI, Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations