1. Introduction and Literature Review
SAFE 602/791 Week 4
Introduction and Literature Review

2. Objectives Quizzes and assignments review What is literature review
Why and when the lit review is conducted
Introduce the use and applicability of Endnote
Introduce the methodology el

3. Quizzes and assignments
Quiz 2 closed today at 5pm
Quiz 3 will open today for a week
Article review assignment is graded and feedback is provided
Proposal was due today at 5pm
Introduction Chapter assignment is due next week, Monday Feb 20.

4. Introduction Chapter
In you next assignment, you will be writing your Introduction Chapter
Introduction
Statement of the problem
Research questions and/or hypothesis
Rationale or significance for the study
Assumptions
Limitations/delimitations
Definitions
References

5. Purpose of the Literature Review
You are proposing to conduct a study of some type
Use the literature review to:
Justify the fact that the broad area you will be studying is an issue of importance
Identify the status of the research in the field to date
Identify gaps that exist in the current research
Justify the need for your proposed study and it’s significance to the research base

6. Purpose of the Literature Review
Sources:

7. Lit review resources
Google Scholar
EBSCOhost
ERIC

8. Research quality
Peer reviewed
Author(s)
Journal

9. Citation Endnote Mendeley Bibme Easybib Citefast Cite.com
Citation creation

10. Methodology Descriptive Design Experimental Design
Qualitative-Quantitative

11. Descriptive
A descriptive study is one in which information is collected without changing the environment (i.e., nothing is manipulated). Sometimes these are referred to as “ correlational ” or “ observational ” studies.

12. Descriptive
May involve a one-time interaction with participants ( cross-sectional study ):
Surveys and interviews
Or a study observe participants over time ( longitudinal study ).
No interaction.

13. Descriptive
Descriptive studies in which the researcher does not interact with the participant include:
observational studies of people in an environment, and
studies involving data collection using existing records (e.g., medical record review).

14. Experiment An experiment deliberately imposes a
treatment on a group of objects or subjects in the interest of observing the response.
Differs from an observational study:
which involves collecting and analyzing data without changing existing conditions

15. Experimental Controls
The control group is:
practically identical to the treatment group, except for the single variable of interest whose effect is being tested, which is only applied to the treatment group.
An example would be a drug trial.
The group receiving the drug would be the treatment group and the one receiving the placebo would be the control group.

16. Treatment Groups A treatment is: The treatment groups:
something that researchers administer to experimental units.
The treatment groups:
groups of subjects that received a particular treatment

17. Treatment Groups Example
In a drug test, three different groups of subjects received three different types of drugs.
The treatment:
Administration of a particular Drug Type
This is known as the:
Independent variable

18. Experimental Design
The proper organization of the experiment ensures that:
the right type of data, and
enough of it, is available to answer the questions of interest as clearly and efficiently as possible.
Attention to experimental design is extremely important because :
the validity of a experiment is directly affected by its construction and execution

19. Factors In an experimental design, a factor in an experiment is
a controlled independent variable(s) (IVs)
A variable whose levels are set by the experimenter (manipulated)
A factor consists of categories of treatments
Measured dependent variable(s) (DVs)
Study the effect of IVs on DVs
From a statistical standpoint,
the researcher looks for differences in the averages of the dependent variable(s) across the groups of independent variables

20. Experimental Bias When researchers:
fail to control for the effects of the differences in subjects, it can lead to experimental bias
Experimental bias is the favoring of certain outcomes over others

21. Randomization
Because it is generally extremely difficult for experimenters to eliminate bias using only their expert judgment, the common practice is
the use of randomization
objects or individuals are randomly assigned (by chance) to an experimental group.

22. Replication To improve the significance of an experimental result,
replication, the repetition of an experiment on a large group of subjects, is required.
If a treatment is truly effective, the long-term averaging effect of replication will reflect its experimental worth.
If it is not effective, then the few members of the experimental population who may have reacted to the treatment will be negated by the large numbers of subjects who were unaffected by it.
Not due to chance

23. Formats Experimental Designs are defined by their formats
Examples of these formats include:
One-way Analysis of Variance
Multivariate Analysis of Variance
Factorial Analysis of Variance
Split Plot Design
Latin Square Design