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14 The Urinary System.

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Presentation on theme: "14 The Urinary System."— Presentation transcript:

1 14 The Urinary System

2 Multimedia Directory Slide 26 Kidney Animation
Slide 32 Urinary System Animation Slide 49 Kidney Stones Video Slide 72 Renal Failure Video Slide 83 Performing a Peritoneal Dialysis Video Slide 96 Urinalysis Video

3 Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the urinary system Identify the major organs of the urinary system and describe their structure and function

4 Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the urinary system Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the urinary system

5 Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the urinary system

6 The Urinary System Functions
Removes unwanted waste materials Recycles other materials Kidneys—most important organs of urinary system Filter gallons of fluids from the bloodstream every day

7 The Urinary System (cont.)
Kidneys Remove: metabolic wastes toxins excess ions water Return needed materials back to the blood Help regulate blood pressure, pH, and red blood cell production

8 Prefixes dia- = through en- = within, upon, on, over endo- = within
epi- = upon, over, above, on top hyper- = excessive, abnormally high, above hypo- = under, below normal poly- = many

9 Combining Forms albumin/o = albumin (a protein)
azot/o = urea, nitrogen bacteri/o = bacteria blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell cyst/o = sac, bladder

10 Combining Forms (cont.)
glomerul/o = little ball, glomerulus gluc/o = glucose, sugar, sweet glyc/o, glycos/o = glycogen, glucose, sugar, sweet hydr/o = water

11 Combining Forms (cont.)
ket/o, keton/o = ketone bodies lith/o = stone lys/o = break apart, dissolve meat/o = opening, passage nephr/o = kidney

12 Combining Forms (cont.)
noct/o = night olig/o = few in number py/o = pus pyel/o = renal pelvis

13 Combining Forms (cont.)
ren/o = kidney son/o = sound spadias/o = rip, tear sten/o = narrowness, constriction tens/o = pressure

14 Combining Forms (cont.)
tom/o = to cut ureter/o = ureter urethr/o = urethra ur/o, urin/a, urin/o = urine vesic/o = sac, bladder

15 Suffixes -cele = hernia, swelling, protrusion -iasis = condition of
-ion = act or process -lysis = to loosen, dissolve

16 Suffixes (cont.) -meter = measuring instrument
-pexy = surgical fixation, suspension -ptosis = falling downward, drooping -rrhaphy = suturing

17 Suffixes (cont.) -tripsy = surgical crushing
-trophy = nourishment, development -uresis = urination -uria = condition of urine, urination

18 Anatomy and Physiology
Urinary system includes kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra

19 Figure 14.1: Organs of the urinary system

20 Figure 14.2: Position of urinary organs

21 Kidneys About the size of a clenched fist Divided into three regions
renal pelvis renal medulla renal cortex Renal medulla and renal cortex are composed of tubes called nephrons

22 Figure 14.3 The kidney

23 Kidneys (cont.) Nephrons
Bowman’s capsule (BC)—hollow ball at one end of nephron Glomerulus—a tightly coiled capillary Renal corpuscle—Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus together Renal tubule—a long twisting portion at the other end of a nephron

24 Kidneys (cont.) Urine formation is a 3-stage process Blood filtration
Reabsorption Secretion

25 Figure 14.4: The nephron

26 Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the kidney.
Kidney Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the kidney. Back to Directory

27 Ureters Spaghetti-sized, tubular organs that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

28 Urinary Bladder Hollow, muscular organ that temporarily stores urine
Has elastic walls that shrink and expand

29 Urethra A muscular tube that transports urine out of the body
Internal urethral sphincter—keeps urine from entering the urethra while being stored in the bladder External urethral sphincter—muscle that is under voluntary control

30 Urethra (cont.) External urethral orifice or urinary meatus—opening to the exterior Micturition or voiding—the release of urine to the exterior

31 Figure 14.5: Urinary bladder and urethra

32 Urinary System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the urinary system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory

33 Word Roots glomerul = little ball meat = opening nephr = kidney
ren = kidney ureter = ureter urethr = urethra urin, ur = urine

34 Symptoms and Signs Albuminuria Anuresis Anuria
Presence of albumin (a protein normally in the blood) in the urine Anuresis Inability to pass urine Anuria Cessation of urine production or output A daily rate of less than 100 ml per day

35 Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Azotemia Abnormally high urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the blood Also called uremia Bacteriuria Presence of bacteria in the urine Diuresis Condition of urine passing through Usually refers to excessive urine discharge

36 Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Dysuria Difficulty or pain in urination Enuresis Involuntary release of urine Nocturnal enuresis is also known as bed-wetting Glycosuria Presence of glucose in the urine Often a symptom of diabetes mellitus

37 Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine Ketonuria Presence of ketone bodies in the urine A common sign of acidosis among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus Nocturia Urination at night

38 Figure 14.6: Hematuria and pyuria

39 Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Oliguria Decreased production of urine Polyuria Excessive urination Proteinuria Presence of protein in the urine Pyuria Presence of pus (white blood cells) in the urine

40 Diseases and Disorders
Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder Cystocele Protrusion of the urinary bladder Cystolith Stone in the urinary bladder

41 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Epispadias Congenital defect; urinary meatus positioned on dorsal surface of penis In the female, meatus opens dorsal to clitoris Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the glomeruli within a kidney

42 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Hydronephrosis Condition of water in a kidney Usually caused by obstruction and backup of urine Hypospadias Congenital defect; urinary meatus opens on underside of the penis In the female, the opening is within the vagina

43 Figure 14.7: Hydronephrosis

44 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Incontinence Involuntary discharge of urine and/or feces Stress incontinence Involuntary discharge of urine due to a cough, sneeze, or strained movement

45 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Nephritis Inflammation of a kidney Nephroblastoma Tumor that originates from a kidney that includes developing embryonic cells Also called Wilms’ tumor

46 Figure 14.8: Nephroblastoma

47 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Nephrohypertrophy Excessive development of a kidney, resulting in an abnormal growth in size Nephrolithiasis Presence of one or more stones in a kidney

48 Figure 14.9: Nephrolithiasis

49 Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones.
Kidney Stones Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones. Back to Directory

50 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Nephroma Kidney tumor Nephromegaly Enlargement of a kidney Nephroptosis Condition of a drooped kidney position Also called floating kidney

51 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Polycystic kidney Incurable genetic kidney condition characterized by many fluid-filled cysts

52 Figure 14.10: Polycystic kidney Source: Simon Fraser/Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

53 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pyelitis Inflammation of the renal pelvis Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the renal pelvis and nephrons Renal calculi Stones in the kidney Renal hypertension Elevated blood pressure caused by kidney disease

54 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Stricture Abnormal narrowing, as in urethral stricture Uremia Excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood Ureteritis Inflammation of a ureter

55 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Ureterocele Protrusion of the distal end of a ureter into the urinary bladder Ureterolithiasis Presence of stone(s) in a ureter Ureterostenosis Condition of a narrowed ureter

56 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Urethrocystitis Inflammation of the urethra and urinary bladder Urinary retention Abnormal accumulation of urine in the urinary bladder Results from an inability to void

57 Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Urinary suppression Acute stoppage of urine formation by the kidneys Urinary tract infection Infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and bladder Symptoms often include fever, dysuria, and lumbar or abdominal pain Abbreviated UTI

58 Figure 14.11: Urinary tract infection

59 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices
Blood urea nitrogen Elevated urea concentration in a blood sample indicates kidney disease Abbreviated BUN

60 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Creatinine Protein that is a normal component of urine Elevated levels in a urine sample indicate kidney disease Cystectomy Excision of the urinary bladder

61 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystography X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder Image: cystogram Cystolithotomy Incision into the urinary bladder to remove a stone

62 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystoplasty Surgical repair of the urinary bladder Cystopyelography X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and renal pelvis after injection of contrast dye Image: cystopyelogram

63 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystorrhaphy Suturing of the urinary bladder wall Cystoscopy Use of a cystoscope to visually examine the urinary bladder

64 Figure 14.12: Cystoscopy

65 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystostomy Surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder to provide an alternate exit pathway for urine Cystotomy Incision into the urinary bladder Also called vesicotomy

66 Figure 14.13: Cystostomy

67 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystoureterography X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and ureters using a radiopaque contrast dye Image: cystoureterogram

68 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystourethrography X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and urethra using a radiopaque contrast dye Image: cystourethrogram Voiding cystourethrogram—the x-ray is taken after the bladder is emptied of urine

69 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Fulguration Surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an electric spark Removes tumors or polyps from the interior bladder wall

70 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Hemodialysis Procedure that removes nitrogenous wastes and excess ions from the blood Dialysis replaces the normal function of the kidneys

71 Figure 14.14: Hemodialysis

72 Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure.
Renal Failure Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure. Back to Directory

73 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray X-ray procedure that images the abdomen Assesses position of urinary organs Identifies calculi or other obstructions Abbreviated KUB

74 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Lithotripsy Surgical technique that crushes stones Lysis Gradual reduction of symptoms of an acute disease or the destruction of red blood cells or bacteria

75 Figure 14.15: Lithotripsy

76 Figure 14.15 (continued): Lithotripsy Source: Visuals Unlimited

77 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Meatoscopy Use of a modified endoscope, or meatoscope, to visually examine the urinary meatus Meatotomy Incision made to enlarge the urinary meatus

78 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephrectomy Excision of a kidney Nephrography X-ray technique of imaging a kidney Image: nephrogram

79 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephrology Study and treatment of kidney disease Specialist: nephrologist Nephrolysis Freeing of the kidney from inflammatory adhesions

80 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephropexy Surgical fixation of an abnormally mobile kidney Nephroscopy Use of a nephroscope to visually examine the kidney

81 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephrosonography Ultrasound procedure in which a kidney is imaged with the use of sound waves Nephrostomy Surgical creation of a permanent artificial opening between the renal pelvis and the exterior of the body

82 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephrotomography X-ray technique of imaging the kidney using sectional x-ray exposures Image: nephrotomogram Peritoneal dialysis Procedure in which toxic wastes are removed by artificial filtration to compensate for kidney failure

83 Peritoneal Dialysis Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of peritoneal dialysis. Back to Directory

84 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pyelolithotomy Incision into the renal pelvis to remove a stone Pyelogram X-ray image of the renal pelvis Retrograde pyelogram—a contrast medium is injected into the urethra Intravenous pyelogram—iodine is injected into the bloodstream

85 Figure 14. 16: Retrograde pyelogram Source: Clinique Ste
Figure 14.16: Retrograde pyelogram Source: Clinique Ste. Catherine/ CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers Inc.

86 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pyeloplasty Surgical repair of the renal pelvis Usually involves removing an obstruction Pyelostomy Surgical creation of a temporary artificial opening into the renal pelvis to provide an alternate exit route for urine

87 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Renal transplant A donor kidney, usually obtained from a close relative, is implanted to replace a nonfunctional kidney

88 Figure 14.17: Renal transplant

89 Figure 14.17 (continued): Renal transplant

90 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Renography Nuclear medicine test that uses a radioactive substance to highlight internal aspects of a kidney Recording: renogram

91 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Specific gravity Relative concentration of water molecules in a liquid sample Clinical lab test evaluates filtration and water reabsorption in the kidneys using a urinometer

92 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Ureterectomy Excision of a ureter Ureterogram X-ray image of the ureters Ureterostomy Surgical creation of an artificial opening through the ureter to provide an alternate exit route for urine

93 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Ureterotomy Incision into the wall of a ureter Urethropexy Surgical fixation of the urethra to correct stress incontinence Urethroplasty Surgical repair of the urethra

94 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urethroscopy Use of a urethroscope to visually examine the urethra Urethrostomy Surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urethra to establish an alternate exit route for urine

95 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urethrotomy Incision into the urethra Urinalysis Clinical lab tests performed on a urine specimen, often measuring specific gravity, creatinine, glucose, protein, and pH Abbreviated UA

96 Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis.
Urinalysis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis. Back to Directory

97 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urinary catheterization Insertion of a catheter into the urinary bladder to drain urine

98 Figure 14.18: Urinary catheterization

99 Figure 14.18 (continued): Urinary catheterization

100 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urinary endoscopy Use of an endoscope to view internal structures of the urinary system Includes cystoscopy, meatoscopy, nephroscopy, and urethroscopy Urinometer Instrument that measures the water density of urine, a value known as specific gravity

101 Figure 14.19: Urinometer

102 Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urology Study and treatment of diseases of the urinary system Specialist: urologist Vesicourethral suspension Surgery performed to stabilize the urinary bladder position as a treatment for stress incontinence

103 Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Antispasmodics Diuretics

104 Abbreviations BC BUN cath HD IVP KUB

105 Abbreviations (cont.) RP SG UA UTI VCUG

106 Classroom Response System
Pretest

107 What does nephrolithiasis mean?
condition of renal calculi renal tumor inflammation of the kidney normal kidney

108 What does nephrolithiasis mean?
condition of renal calculi renal tumor inflammation of the kidney normal kidney

109 The combining form for renal pelvis is:
nephr/o pyel/o cyst/o ureter/o

110 The combining form for renal pelvis is:
nephr/o pyel/o cyst/o ureter/o

111 Ureteritis is defined as:
excess urea present in the blood urinary strictures inflammation of a ureter urinary retention

112 Ureteritis is defined as:
excess urea present in the blood urinary strictures inflammation of a ureter urinary retention

113 UTI is the common abbreviation for which of the following?
under toe infection upper tract infection urinary tract irritation urinary tract infection

114 UTI is the common abbreviation for which of the following?
under toe infection upper tract infection urinary tract irritation urinary tract infection

115 The suffix -tripsy means:
surgical removal loss of balance surgical crushing pushing

116 The suffix -tripsy means:
surgical removal loss of balance surgical crushing pushing

117 What is nephrology? The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the urinary tract The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with nerve disorders The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with pain

118 What is nephrology? The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the urinary tract The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with nerve disorders The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with pain

119 What does the suffix -pexy mean?
together fixation same around

120 What does the suffix -pexy mean?
together fixation same around

121 What does the suffix -stomy mean?
result of an action single surgically closing an opening surgical creation of an opening

122 What does the suffix -stomy mean?
result of an action single surgically closing an opening surgical creation of an opening

123 What does the suffix -otomy mean?
incision surgical creation of an opening surgically closing an opening apart

124 What does the suffix -otomy mean?
incision surgical creation of an opening surgically closing an opening apart

125 The word cystorrhaphy means which of the following?
a diagnostic procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder a procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone suturing the urinary bladder wall surgical creation of an opening in the kidney

126 The word cystorrhaphy means which of the following?
a diagnostic procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder a procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone suturing the urinary bladder wall surgical creation of an opening in the kidney

127 Classroom Response System
Post-test

128 What is the function of the urinary system?
maintain proper oxidation of the body by removing unwanted waste materials maintain the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials maintain proper circulation in the body by maintaining cardiac output maintain proper utilization of the body’s ingested food

129 What is the function of the urinary system?
maintain proper oxidation of the body by removing unwanted waste materials maintain the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials maintain proper circulation in the body by maintaining cardiac output maintain proper utilization of the body’s ingested food

130 What does the combining form albumin/o mean?
pus fat urine protein

131 What does the combining form albumin/o mean?
pus fat urine protein

132 Choose the appropriate match:
blast/o : opening gluc/o : sugar pyel/o : ureter ren/o : urine

133 Choose the appropriate match:
blast/o : opening gluc/o : sugar pyel/o : ureter ren/o : urine

134 What does anuresis mean?
without urination scanty urine excessive urination difficulty urinating

135 What does anuresis mean?
without urination scanty urine excessive urination difficulty urinating

136 What is diuresis? lack of urine production painful urination
excessive discharge of urine normal urine production

137 What is diuresis? lack of urine production painful urination
excessive discharge of urine normal urine production

138 What does the prefix en- mean?
outside middle away within

139 What does the prefix en- mean?
outside middle away within

140 What does the prefix ana- mean?
down up away within

141 What does the prefix ana- mean?
down up away within

142 What is epispadias? a congenital defect resulting in abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus an overactive bladder spasms of the epithelial layer stones in the urinary bladder

143 What is epispadias? a congenital defect resulting in abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus an overactive bladder spasms of the epithelial layer stones in the urinary bladder

144 Glomerulonephropathy is which of the following?
a condition relating to stones in the glomeruli any disease of the glomeruli pain in the kidneys involuntary discharge of urine

145 Glomerulonephropathy is which of the following?
a condition relating to stones in the glomeruli any disease of the glomeruli pain in the kidneys involuntary discharge of urine

146 Incontinence is which of the following?
the inability to urinate an excess of urea and other wastes in the urine the involuntary discharge of urine fecal matter

147 Incontinence is which of the following?
the inability to urinate an excess of urea and other wastes in the urine the involuntary discharge of urine fecal matter


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