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14 The Urinary System
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Multimedia Directory Slide 26 Kidney Animation
Slide 32 Urinary System Animation Slide 49 Kidney Stones Video Slide 72 Renal Failure Video Slide 83 Performing a Peritoneal Dialysis Video Slide 96 Urinalysis Video
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Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the urinary system Identify the major organs of the urinary system and describe their structure and function
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the urinary system Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the urinary system
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Learning Objectives (cont.)
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the urinary system
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The Urinary System Functions
Removes unwanted waste materials Recycles other materials Kidneys—most important organs of urinary system Filter gallons of fluids from the bloodstream every day
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The Urinary System (cont.)
Kidneys Remove: metabolic wastes toxins excess ions water Return needed materials back to the blood Help regulate blood pressure, pH, and red blood cell production
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Prefixes dia- = through en- = within, upon, on, over endo- = within
epi- = upon, over, above, on top hyper- = excessive, abnormally high, above hypo- = under, below normal poly- = many
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Combining Forms albumin/o = albumin (a protein)
azot/o = urea, nitrogen bacteri/o = bacteria blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell cyst/o = sac, bladder
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Combining Forms (cont.)
glomerul/o = little ball, glomerulus gluc/o = glucose, sugar, sweet glyc/o, glycos/o = glycogen, glucose, sugar, sweet hydr/o = water
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Combining Forms (cont.)
ket/o, keton/o = ketone bodies lith/o = stone lys/o = break apart, dissolve meat/o = opening, passage nephr/o = kidney
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Combining Forms (cont.)
noct/o = night olig/o = few in number py/o = pus pyel/o = renal pelvis
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Combining Forms (cont.)
ren/o = kidney son/o = sound spadias/o = rip, tear sten/o = narrowness, constriction tens/o = pressure
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Combining Forms (cont.)
tom/o = to cut ureter/o = ureter urethr/o = urethra ur/o, urin/a, urin/o = urine vesic/o = sac, bladder
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Suffixes -cele = hernia, swelling, protrusion -iasis = condition of
-ion = act or process -lysis = to loosen, dissolve
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Suffixes (cont.) -meter = measuring instrument
-pexy = surgical fixation, suspension -ptosis = falling downward, drooping -rrhaphy = suturing
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Suffixes (cont.) -tripsy = surgical crushing
-trophy = nourishment, development -uresis = urination -uria = condition of urine, urination
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Anatomy and Physiology
Urinary system includes kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra
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Figure 14.1: Organs of the urinary system
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Figure 14.2: Position of urinary organs
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Kidneys About the size of a clenched fist Divided into three regions
renal pelvis renal medulla renal cortex Renal medulla and renal cortex are composed of tubes called nephrons
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Figure 14.3 The kidney
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Kidneys (cont.) Nephrons
Bowman’s capsule (BC)—hollow ball at one end of nephron Glomerulus—a tightly coiled capillary Renal corpuscle—Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus together Renal tubule—a long twisting portion at the other end of a nephron
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Kidneys (cont.) Urine formation is a 3-stage process Blood filtration
Reabsorption Secretion
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Figure 14.4: The nephron
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Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the kidney.
Kidney Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the kidney. Back to Directory
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Ureters Spaghetti-sized, tubular organs that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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Urinary Bladder Hollow, muscular organ that temporarily stores urine
Has elastic walls that shrink and expand
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Urethra A muscular tube that transports urine out of the body
Internal urethral sphincter—keeps urine from entering the urethra while being stored in the bladder External urethral sphincter—muscle that is under voluntary control
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Urethra (cont.) External urethral orifice or urinary meatus—opening to the exterior Micturition or voiding—the release of urine to the exterior
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Figure 14.5: Urinary bladder and urethra
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Urinary System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the urinary system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Back to Directory
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Word Roots glomerul = little ball meat = opening nephr = kidney
ren = kidney ureter = ureter urethr = urethra urin, ur = urine
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Symptoms and Signs Albuminuria Anuresis Anuria
Presence of albumin (a protein normally in the blood) in the urine Anuresis Inability to pass urine Anuria Cessation of urine production or output A daily rate of less than 100 ml per day
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Azotemia Abnormally high urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the blood Also called uremia Bacteriuria Presence of bacteria in the urine Diuresis Condition of urine passing through Usually refers to excessive urine discharge
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Dysuria Difficulty or pain in urination Enuresis Involuntary release of urine Nocturnal enuresis is also known as bed-wetting Glycosuria Presence of glucose in the urine Often a symptom of diabetes mellitus
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine Ketonuria Presence of ketone bodies in the urine A common sign of acidosis among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus Nocturia Urination at night
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Figure 14.6: Hematuria and pyuria
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Symptoms and Signs (cont.)
Oliguria Decreased production of urine Polyuria Excessive urination Proteinuria Presence of protein in the urine Pyuria Presence of pus (white blood cells) in the urine
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Diseases and Disorders
Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder Cystocele Protrusion of the urinary bladder Cystolith Stone in the urinary bladder
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Epispadias Congenital defect; urinary meatus positioned on dorsal surface of penis In the female, meatus opens dorsal to clitoris Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the glomeruli within a kidney
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Hydronephrosis Condition of water in a kidney Usually caused by obstruction and backup of urine Hypospadias Congenital defect; urinary meatus opens on underside of the penis In the female, the opening is within the vagina
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Figure 14.7: Hydronephrosis
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Incontinence Involuntary discharge of urine and/or feces Stress incontinence Involuntary discharge of urine due to a cough, sneeze, or strained movement
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Nephritis Inflammation of a kidney Nephroblastoma Tumor that originates from a kidney that includes developing embryonic cells Also called Wilms’ tumor
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Figure 14.8: Nephroblastoma
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Nephrohypertrophy Excessive development of a kidney, resulting in an abnormal growth in size Nephrolithiasis Presence of one or more stones in a kidney
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Figure 14.9: Nephrolithiasis
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Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones.
Kidney Stones Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones. Back to Directory
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Nephroma Kidney tumor Nephromegaly Enlargement of a kidney Nephroptosis Condition of a drooped kidney position Also called floating kidney
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Polycystic kidney Incurable genetic kidney condition characterized by many fluid-filled cysts
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Figure 14.10: Polycystic kidney Source: Simon Fraser/Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Pyelitis Inflammation of the renal pelvis Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the renal pelvis and nephrons Renal calculi Stones in the kidney Renal hypertension Elevated blood pressure caused by kidney disease
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Stricture Abnormal narrowing, as in urethral stricture Uremia Excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood Ureteritis Inflammation of a ureter
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Ureterocele Protrusion of the distal end of a ureter into the urinary bladder Ureterolithiasis Presence of stone(s) in a ureter Ureterostenosis Condition of a narrowed ureter
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Urethrocystitis Inflammation of the urethra and urinary bladder Urinary retention Abnormal accumulation of urine in the urinary bladder Results from an inability to void
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Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Urinary suppression Acute stoppage of urine formation by the kidneys Urinary tract infection Infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and bladder Symptoms often include fever, dysuria, and lumbar or abdominal pain Abbreviated UTI
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Figure 14.11: Urinary tract infection
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices
Blood urea nitrogen Elevated urea concentration in a blood sample indicates kidney disease Abbreviated BUN
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Creatinine Protein that is a normal component of urine Elevated levels in a urine sample indicate kidney disease Cystectomy Excision of the urinary bladder
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystography X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder Image: cystogram Cystolithotomy Incision into the urinary bladder to remove a stone
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystoplasty Surgical repair of the urinary bladder Cystopyelography X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and renal pelvis after injection of contrast dye Image: cystopyelogram
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystorrhaphy Suturing of the urinary bladder wall Cystoscopy Use of a cystoscope to visually examine the urinary bladder
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Figure 14.12: Cystoscopy
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystostomy Surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder to provide an alternate exit pathway for urine Cystotomy Incision into the urinary bladder Also called vesicotomy
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Figure 14.13: Cystostomy
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystoureterography X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and ureters using a radiopaque contrast dye Image: cystoureterogram
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Cystourethrography X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and urethra using a radiopaque contrast dye Image: cystourethrogram Voiding cystourethrogram—the x-ray is taken after the bladder is emptied of urine
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Fulguration Surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an electric spark Removes tumors or polyps from the interior bladder wall
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Hemodialysis Procedure that removes nitrogenous wastes and excess ions from the blood Dialysis replaces the normal function of the kidneys
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Figure 14.14: Hemodialysis
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Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure.
Renal Failure Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray X-ray procedure that images the abdomen Assesses position of urinary organs Identifies calculi or other obstructions Abbreviated KUB
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Lithotripsy Surgical technique that crushes stones Lysis Gradual reduction of symptoms of an acute disease or the destruction of red blood cells or bacteria
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Figure 14.15: Lithotripsy
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Figure 14.15 (continued): Lithotripsy Source: Visuals Unlimited
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Meatoscopy Use of a modified endoscope, or meatoscope, to visually examine the urinary meatus Meatotomy Incision made to enlarge the urinary meatus
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephrectomy Excision of a kidney Nephrography X-ray technique of imaging a kidney Image: nephrogram
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephrology Study and treatment of kidney disease Specialist: nephrologist Nephrolysis Freeing of the kidney from inflammatory adhesions
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephropexy Surgical fixation of an abnormally mobile kidney Nephroscopy Use of a nephroscope to visually examine the kidney
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephrosonography Ultrasound procedure in which a kidney is imaged with the use of sound waves Nephrostomy Surgical creation of a permanent artificial opening between the renal pelvis and the exterior of the body
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Nephrotomography X-ray technique of imaging the kidney using sectional x-ray exposures Image: nephrotomogram Peritoneal dialysis Procedure in which toxic wastes are removed by artificial filtration to compensate for kidney failure
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Peritoneal Dialysis Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of peritoneal dialysis. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pyelolithotomy Incision into the renal pelvis to remove a stone Pyelogram X-ray image of the renal pelvis Retrograde pyelogram—a contrast medium is injected into the urethra Intravenous pyelogram—iodine is injected into the bloodstream
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Figure 14. 16: Retrograde pyelogram Source: Clinique Ste
Figure 14.16: Retrograde pyelogram Source: Clinique Ste. Catherine/ CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers Inc.
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Pyeloplasty Surgical repair of the renal pelvis Usually involves removing an obstruction Pyelostomy Surgical creation of a temporary artificial opening into the renal pelvis to provide an alternate exit route for urine
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Renal transplant A donor kidney, usually obtained from a close relative, is implanted to replace a nonfunctional kidney
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Figure 14.17: Renal transplant
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Figure 14.17 (continued): Renal transplant
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Renography Nuclear medicine test that uses a radioactive substance to highlight internal aspects of a kidney Recording: renogram
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Specific gravity Relative concentration of water molecules in a liquid sample Clinical lab test evaluates filtration and water reabsorption in the kidneys using a urinometer
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Ureterectomy Excision of a ureter Ureterogram X-ray image of the ureters Ureterostomy Surgical creation of an artificial opening through the ureter to provide an alternate exit route for urine
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Ureterotomy Incision into the wall of a ureter Urethropexy Surgical fixation of the urethra to correct stress incontinence Urethroplasty Surgical repair of the urethra
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urethroscopy Use of a urethroscope to visually examine the urethra Urethrostomy Surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urethra to establish an alternate exit route for urine
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urethrotomy Incision into the urethra Urinalysis Clinical lab tests performed on a urine specimen, often measuring specific gravity, creatinine, glucose, protein, and pH Abbreviated UA
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Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis.
Urinalysis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis. Back to Directory
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urinary catheterization Insertion of a catheter into the urinary bladder to drain urine
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Figure 14.18: Urinary catheterization
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Figure 14.18 (continued): Urinary catheterization
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urinary endoscopy Use of an endoscope to view internal structures of the urinary system Includes cystoscopy, meatoscopy, nephroscopy, and urethroscopy Urinometer Instrument that measures the water density of urine, a value known as specific gravity
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Figure 14.19: Urinometer
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Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont.)
Urology Study and treatment of diseases of the urinary system Specialist: urologist Vesicourethral suspension Surgery performed to stabilize the urinary bladder position as a treatment for stress incontinence
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Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics Antispasmodics Diuretics
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Abbreviations BC BUN cath HD IVP KUB
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Abbreviations (cont.) RP SG UA UTI VCUG
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Classroom Response System
Pretest
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What does nephrolithiasis mean?
condition of renal calculi renal tumor inflammation of the kidney normal kidney
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What does nephrolithiasis mean?
condition of renal calculi renal tumor inflammation of the kidney normal kidney
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The combining form for renal pelvis is:
nephr/o pyel/o cyst/o ureter/o
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The combining form for renal pelvis is:
nephr/o pyel/o cyst/o ureter/o
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Ureteritis is defined as:
excess urea present in the blood urinary strictures inflammation of a ureter urinary retention
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Ureteritis is defined as:
excess urea present in the blood urinary strictures inflammation of a ureter urinary retention
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UTI is the common abbreviation for which of the following?
under toe infection upper tract infection urinary tract irritation urinary tract infection
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UTI is the common abbreviation for which of the following?
under toe infection upper tract infection urinary tract irritation urinary tract infection
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The suffix -tripsy means:
surgical removal loss of balance surgical crushing pushing
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The suffix -tripsy means:
surgical removal loss of balance surgical crushing pushing
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What is nephrology? The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the urinary tract The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with nerve disorders The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with pain
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What is nephrology? The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the urinary tract The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with nerve disorders The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with pain
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What does the suffix -pexy mean?
together fixation same around
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What does the suffix -pexy mean?
together fixation same around
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What does the suffix -stomy mean?
result of an action single surgically closing an opening surgical creation of an opening
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What does the suffix -stomy mean?
result of an action single surgically closing an opening surgical creation of an opening
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What does the suffix -otomy mean?
incision surgical creation of an opening surgically closing an opening apart
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What does the suffix -otomy mean?
incision surgical creation of an opening surgically closing an opening apart
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The word cystorrhaphy means which of the following?
a diagnostic procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder a procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone suturing the urinary bladder wall surgical creation of an opening in the kidney
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The word cystorrhaphy means which of the following?
a diagnostic procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder a procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone suturing the urinary bladder wall surgical creation of an opening in the kidney
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Classroom Response System
Post-test
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What is the function of the urinary system?
maintain proper oxidation of the body by removing unwanted waste materials maintain the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials maintain proper circulation in the body by maintaining cardiac output maintain proper utilization of the body’s ingested food
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What is the function of the urinary system?
maintain proper oxidation of the body by removing unwanted waste materials maintain the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials maintain proper circulation in the body by maintaining cardiac output maintain proper utilization of the body’s ingested food
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What does the combining form albumin/o mean?
pus fat urine protein
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What does the combining form albumin/o mean?
pus fat urine protein
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Choose the appropriate match:
blast/o : opening gluc/o : sugar pyel/o : ureter ren/o : urine
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Choose the appropriate match:
blast/o : opening gluc/o : sugar pyel/o : ureter ren/o : urine
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What does anuresis mean?
without urination scanty urine excessive urination difficulty urinating
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What does anuresis mean?
without urination scanty urine excessive urination difficulty urinating
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What is diuresis? lack of urine production painful urination
excessive discharge of urine normal urine production
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What is diuresis? lack of urine production painful urination
excessive discharge of urine normal urine production
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What does the prefix en- mean?
outside middle away within
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What does the prefix en- mean?
outside middle away within
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What does the prefix ana- mean?
down up away within
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What does the prefix ana- mean?
down up away within
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What is epispadias? a congenital defect resulting in abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus an overactive bladder spasms of the epithelial layer stones in the urinary bladder
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What is epispadias? a congenital defect resulting in abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus an overactive bladder spasms of the epithelial layer stones in the urinary bladder
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Glomerulonephropathy is which of the following?
a condition relating to stones in the glomeruli any disease of the glomeruli pain in the kidneys involuntary discharge of urine
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Glomerulonephropathy is which of the following?
a condition relating to stones in the glomeruli any disease of the glomeruli pain in the kidneys involuntary discharge of urine
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Incontinence is which of the following?
the inability to urinate an excess of urea and other wastes in the urine the involuntary discharge of urine fecal matter
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Incontinence is which of the following?
the inability to urinate an excess of urea and other wastes in the urine the involuntary discharge of urine fecal matter
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