1. Medical Terminology: A Short Course 5 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Urinary System Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. 2 Learning Objectives Name the organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions. Name the organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions. Give the meaning of various pathological conditions affecting the urinary system. Give the meaning of various pathological conditions affecting the urinary system. Recognize the uses and interpretation of urinalysis as a diagnostic test. Recognize the uses and interpretation of urinalysis as a diagnostic test. Define combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the urinary system’s terminology. Define combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the urinary system’s terminology.

4. 3 Learning Objectives (cont’d.) List and explain some clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system. List and explain some clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

5. 4 Introduction Nitrogenous wastes Nitrogenous wastes urea urea creatinine creatinine uric acid uric acid Kidneys Kidneys Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine Maintain proper balance of Maintain proper balance of Water Water Eletrolytes Eletrolytes Acids Acids

6. 5 Introduction (cont’d.) Kidneys also secrete: Hormones Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates the red blood cell production in bone marrow Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates the red blood cell production in bone marrow

7. 6 Anatomy of the Major Organs Organs of the Urinary System in a Male

8. 7 Female Urinary System Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d.)

9. 8 How Kidneys Produce Urine Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries Blood enters kidneys through right and left renal arteries Arterioles carry blood to capillaries Arterioles carry blood to capillaries Glomeruli filter blood Glomeruli filter blood

10. 9 How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.) Glomerulus and Bowman Capsule Blood passes through glomeruli Blood passes through glomeruli Bowman capsule surrounds each glomerulus Bowman capsule surrounds each glomerulus Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule

11. 10 How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.) Three steps in the formation of urine 1.Glomerular filtration 2.Tubular reabsorption 3.Tubular secretion

12. 11 How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.) Glomerulus and Glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron. a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.

13. 12 How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.) All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis Calyces or calices are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis Illustration shows section of kidney

14. 13 How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d.) Process of forming and expelling urine

15. 14 renal pelvis renal tubule renal vein Central collection region in the kidney Microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is formed after filtration. Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart. Vocabulary

16. 15 ureaureterurethra Major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine. Tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder. Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Vocabulary

17. 16 uric acid urinary bladder urinationvoiding A nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine. Hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine. Process of expelling urine. Emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or micturition. Vocabulary

18. 17 cyst/ourinary bladder cyst/ourinary bladder vesci/ourinary bladder nephr/okidney ren/okidney pyel/orenal pelvis ureter/oureter urethr/ourethra Terminology Combining Form Meaning

19. 18 CystoscopyVisual examination of the urinary bladder CystoscopyVisual examination of the urinary bladder IntravesicalPertaining to within the urinary bladder IntravesicalPertaining to within the urinary bladder NephritisInflammation of the kidneys NephritisInflammation of the kidneys RenalPertaining to the kidneys RenalPertaining to the kidneys PyelogramRecord of the renal pelvis after injection of contrast PyelogramRecord of the renal pelvis after injection of contrast UreterectomyRemoval(Excision) of the ureter UreterectomyRemoval(Excision) of the ureter UrethritisInflammation of the urethra UrethritisInflammation of the urethra Terminology Meaning Terminology Meaning

20. 19 Urinalysis – p. 126 A urinalysis (urine+ analysis) is a separation of urine to determine its contents. The following chart shows typical urinalysis findings: TestsNormal Abnormal 1.Colorlight yellowred (hematuria) 2.Appearanceclearcloudy (infection) 3.pHslightly acidicalkaline (infections) 4.Proteinvery slightproteinuria reanal disease 5.Sugarnoneglycosuria

21. 20 Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.) Kidney Albuminuria Albuminuria Anuria Anuria Dysuria Dysuria Glycosuria Glycosuria Hematuria Hematuria Nephrolithiasis Nephrolithiasis Renal Failure Renal Failure Uremia Uremia

22. 21 Other Pathologic Conditions PKD--The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weight 20 times more than their usual weight. Renal HypertensionRenal Hypertension Wilms tumorWilms tumor PolycysticPolycystic kidney kidney disease (PKD) disease (PKD)

23. 22 Pathologic Conditions- (cont’d.) Kidney Renal cell Renal cellcarcinoma(hypernephroma) Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood.

24. 23 Other Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.) Urinary bladder Bladder cancer Bladder cancer Associated conditions Diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus

25. 24 Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Laboratory tests Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Cystoscopy Cystoscopy Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) Retrograde Pyelogram (RP) Retrograde Pyelogram (RP) Urography Urography

26. 25 Laboratory Tests – (cont.) Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) showing a normal female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging.- p.280 Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) showing a normal female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging.- p.280

27. 26 Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.) CLINICAL PROCEDURES X-Ray Studies CT scan CT scan kidneys, ureters, & bladder (KUB) kidneys, ureters, & bladder (KUB) renal angiography renal angiography retrograde pyelogram (RP) retrograde pyelogram (RP) voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

28. 27 CT-Computed Tomography CT-Computed Tomography The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney. Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)

29. 28 CLINICAL PROCEDURES Ultrasound Examination ultrasonography: imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves ultrasonography: imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves Radioactive Studies radioisotope scan: image of kidney after injecting a radioisotope (that concentrates in the kidney) into the bloodstream radioisotope scan: image of kidney after injecting a radioisotope (that concentrates in the kidney) into the bloodstream Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)

30. 29 CLINICAL PROCEDURES Magnetic imaging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): using magnetic field and radio waves to produce images in all three planes of the body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): using magnetic field and radio waves to produce images in all three planes of the body Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)

31. 30 Other Clinical Procedures Cystoscopy – p.7 Cystoscopy – p.7 dialysis (hemodialysis and peritoneal)- p.95,96 dialysis (hemodialysis and peritoneal)- p.95,96 lithotripsy – p. 180 Case 4 Urology lithotripsy – p. 180 Case 4 Urology renal angioplasty renal angioplasty renal biopsy renal biopsy renal transplantation renal transplantation urinary catheterization urinary catheterization Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)

32. 31 Cytoscopy—direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope – p. 7 Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)

33. 32 Hemodialysis (HD): Waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) are separated from the blood my a machine. – p. 95, 119, 280 Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)

34. 33 Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) – p.96 Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)

35. 34 ARF ARF BUN BUN CAPD CAPD CKD CKD CRF CRF HD HD KUB KUB RP RP UA UA UTI UTI What are these useful abbreviations? (p. 280)

36. 35 REVIEW SHEET REVIEW SHEET cyst/o____________ vesic/o____________ nephr/o____________ ren/o____________ pyel/o____________ ureter/o____________ urethro____________

37. 36 cyst/ourinary bladder vesic/ourinary bladder nephr/okidney ren/okidney pyel/orenal pelvis ureter/oureter urethr/ourethra REVIEW SHEET REVIEW SHEET