1. Liberté, égalité, fraternité.
The Second Revolution
Liberté, égalité, fraternité.

2. Legislative Assembly, 1791-1792
Dominated by middle class, but more radical than National Assembly.
King vetoed many measures.
New Factions Emerge:
Jacobins: political club that dominated Legislative Assembly
Girondins: radical Jacobins who were advanced party of the revolution and brought the country to war.
The Mountain: political group, whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the Assembly.

3. International Opposition
Declaration of Pillnitz, August, 1791: issued by Prussia and Austria – Attempt to protect royals.
Èmigrès: French nobles who fled France sought support of foreign countries.
Emperor Leopold II declared he would restore gov’t of France if other powers joined him; really a bluff
French revolutionaries took Leopold at his word and prepared for war.

4. War of the First Coalition
Legislative Assembly declared war in April, 1792
Austrian armies defeated French armies but divisions over eastern Europe saved France
Brunswick Manifesto: Prussia & Austria would destroy Paris if royal family harmed
Battle of Valmy, Sept. 20, 1792: Prussian invasion stopped; moral victory for Convention
Battle of Jemappes: first major victory for France; took Austrian Netherlands
But war turned against France by Spring 1793

5. The Second Revolution Begins
Revolutionary sentiment in the Assembly led by Robespierre, Danton, and Marat
King’s palace stormed at Tuileries on Aug , Swiss Guards killed; king taken prisoner.
Monarchy outlawed.
Revolutionaries attempt to make the king wear the red hat at the Tuileries Palace.

6. Paris Commune
Revolutionary municipal gov’t set up in Paris, which usurped powers of the Legislative Assembly
Led by Georges-Jacques Danton
Legislative Assembly suspended 1791 constitution
September Massacres (led by Paris Commune)
Rumors of aristocratic and clerical conspiracy with foreign invaders led to massacre of over 1,000 priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats

7. National Convention,
France proclaimed a republic, September 21, 1792
Equality, Liberty, Fraternity!
Two factions emerged:
The Mountain: radical republicans (Jacobins); urban class (Danton, Robespierre, Marat)
Girondins: more moderate faction; represented countryside
sans-culottes (“without breeches”): (not part of National Convention)
working-class; extreme radical
kept revolution moving forward: stormed Bastille, march to Versailles, driving king from Tuleries, September Massacres

8. National Convention - Leaders
Maximilien Robespierre
Rose through strength of character and speech.
Became increasingly radical.
Georges-Jacques Danton
Rose to power through Paris Commune
Became Mister of Justice
Jean-Paul Marat
Voice of the Revolution
Radical, became martyr figure.
Danton

9. National Convention, 1792-1795 Louis XVI beheaded January, 1793
Jacques Roux: demanded radical political action to guarantee bread
Mountain ousts Girondins, May 1793: urged to do so by sans-culottes
Enragès, radical working-class group (even more than sans-culottes) seized and arrested Mountain members in the Convention
Charlotte Corday, member of Girondins, kills Marat (martyr)
The Death of Marat, by Jacques-Louis David

10. National Convention - Reforms
Slavery abolished in the French colonies.
Primogeniture abolished.
Metric system enacted.
Estates of émigré nobility sold to peasants.
Military draft instituted and civilian control confirmed.
New calendar enacted – Sept. 22, 1792 day one, year one of French Republic. Calendar had 12 months named after seasons, 10 day weeks.

11. Committee of Public Safety
Formed in April 6, 1793 as executive emergency gov’t by the National Convention.
Maximilien Robespierre is its primary leader.
Responsible for beginning the Terror.
Robespierre

12. The Reign of Terror ( )
Law of Suspects: Created Revolutionary Tribunals at the local level to hear cases of accused enemies brought to “justice”
guillotine: created as an instrument of mercy.
Queen Marie Antoinette beheaded
Many Girondins executed in September, 1793
Vendèe: region in western France that opposed revolution; many executed
Danton and followers executed in 1794
Overall 16,000 victims.
Cult of the Supreme Being: deistic naturalist religion imposed by Robespierre; Catholics now opposed.