1. Macromolecules
Moretz
Biology, Ch. 2

2. Outline Introduction Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Carbon
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Enzymes

3. Carbon FOUR valence electrons.
Easily bonds with other elements & other carbon atoms.
VERY long carbon chains.
Rings of carbon atoms.

4. Macromolecules “giant molecules” Needed for life’s processes.
Contain many chains or rings of carbon atoms.

5. Polymerization Polymerization- forms macromolecules.
Small monomers form larger polymers.

6. Macromolecules 4 types: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
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7. Carbohydrate Elements: C, H, and O (1:2:1). Subunit = saccharide
Single sugar = monosaccharide
Macromolecule = polysaccharide
Functions:
Energy source.
Structure.

8. Carbohydrate Monosaccharde (simple sugar)
Breakdown of sugar supplies immediate energy.

9. Carbohydrate Polysaccharide (complex sugar) Made up of simple sugars.
Ex. Starch, cellulose, glycogin

10. Carbohydrate Starch Complex sugars in plants Stored energy.
Ex. Bulbs, roots

11. Carbohydrate Glycogen Complex sugars in the liver of mammals.
Stored energy.

12. Carbohydrate Cellulose Tough, flexible. Polysaccharide
Found in cell walls of plants.
Gives plants strength and rigidity.

13. Lipids Elements: C, H, and O. Subunit: glycerol “backbone.”
fatty acid “tail.”
glycerol
fatty acid

14. Lipids
Triglyceride = 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol backbone

15. Lipids 2 types: Saturated Unsaturated
Carbon atoms in fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds.
Solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated
Carbon atoms in fatty acid chain are connected by at least one double bond.
Liquid at room temperature.

16. Lipid

17. Lipids
Ex. Unsaturated fat because there is 1 double bond in the fatty acid chain.

18. Lipid
Polyunsaturated – More than one carbon-carbon double bond in fatty acid chain.

19. Lipids Functions: Nonpolar (NOT water soluble) Energy storage.
Part of membranes (e.g., cell).
Waterproofing.
Chemical messenger.
Nonpolar (NOT water soluble)

20. Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, P, N Subunit: Nucleotide
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base
Function: Store and transmit genetic information (i.e., heredity)

21. Nucleic Acid
Two types:
1. DNA
2. RNA

22. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N Subunit: Amino acid Amine group (NH2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
Carboxyl

23. Proteins
There are 20+ amino acids, each with a different side chain (R-group).
Amine
Carboxyl
R-group

24. Protein
Ex. Amino acid

25. Proteins Amino acids bond together to form a polypeptide.
Amino acids are bonded by a peptide bond

26. Proteins

27. Proteins Functions: Control the rate of reactions.
Regulate cell processes.
Form bones and muscles.
Transport substances in & out of the cell.
Fight disease.

28. Reaction Rate Many chemical reactions require energy to occur.
Activation energy - Energy needed to get a chemical reaction started.

29. Activation Energy
Energy required for the reaction to take place.

30. Catalyst
Catalyst
Substance that speeds up the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

31. Enzymes Proteins that act as biological catalysts.
Speed up chemical reactions in cells.
Enzymes are specific (only catalyze one chemical reaction)

32. Enzyme Action
Enzyme has a specific active site.

33. Enzyme Action Substrate (reactant) binds to enzyme’s active site.
Substrate is changed into the product.
Product is released from the enzyme.
Enzyme is available to bind with another substrate.

34. Enzyme Action

35. Enzymes Factors affecting enzymes: Temperature pH Amount of enzyme
Amount of substrate