1. Chapter 2 The History of Science Scientific Revolution

2. What was the Scientific Revolution?
a new way of thinking about the natural world that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation.
The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature

3. WHAT IS THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY?
Certain features of science make it distinctive as a means of understanding the world/universe
Those features are especially characteristic of the work of professional scientists, but anyone can use them to think scientifically about many aspects of everyday life

4. Science Demands Evidence
The validity of scientific claims is settled by referring to observations of phenomena
Therefore, scientists concentrate on getting accurate data

5. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Observe and describe a phenomenon or group of phenomena
Formulate hypotheses to explain the phenomena; hypotheses often take the form of a proposed causal mechanism or mathematical relationship
Use the hypotheses to predict the existence or actions of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations
Perform additional data collection or repeat experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters using properly performed techniques or experiments

6. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Observations/Data ➔ Hypotheses ➔ Hypothesis Testing ➔ Models ➔ Laws ➔ Theories
At some point in time, each stage must be reported to the larger scientific community by presentations or publications

7. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
The scientific method does not allow any hypothesis to be proven true
Hypotheses can be disproven, in which case those hypothesis are rejected as false
A hypothesis which withstands a test designed to falsify it establishes a level of probability that the hypothesis accurately explains data and can be used for further predictions, subject to further tests

11. HYPOTHESIS GENERATION
The use of logic and the close examination of evidence are necessary but not usually sufficient for the advancement of science
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. 
The English word hypothesis comes from the ancient Greek ὑπόθεσις (hupothesis), meaning "to put under" or "to suppose"

12. Hypothesis must be:
Testability (compare falsifiability as discussed above)
Parsimony (as in the application of "Occam's razor", discouraging the postulation of excessive numbers of entities)
Scope – the apparent application of the hypothesis to multiple cases of phenomena
Fruitfulness – the prospect that a hypothesis may explain further phenomena in the future
Conservatism – the degree of "fit" with existing recognized knowledge-systems.

13. THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
An experiment is a study of cause and effect
An experiment is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated.

14. SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND THEORIES
A scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe. 

16. What counts as progress in science and psychology?
In reality, the history of science has a repeating cycle of stages
New paradigm replaces old, new phase of normal science begins
Solved within paradigm or shelved
Pre-paradigm period
contending schools
random fact-gathering
no science
Normal Science
science begins
one paradigm, no schools
puzzle solving research
Anomaly
important insoluble problem
Crisis
insecurity
loosening of paradigm restrictions
contending theories
emergence of new paradigm
Revolution
younger scientists adhere to new paradigm
some older scientists switch allegiance

17. Babylon  Assyria 
Around
5000 yeras BC

18. Assyrian Learning
The capital of the Assyrian Empire was a city called Nineveh. Nineveh became a great city of learning. It had a famous library that held thousands of clay tablets with writings from Sumer and Babylon. These records tell us a lot about life in Mesopotamia.

19. The Assyrian War Machine
The Assyrians were geniuses at waging war. They invented the battering ram, which they used to pound down city walls. They used catapults to throw rocks at enemies, and the protected their archers (people who use a bow and arrows) with helmets and armor.

20. The New Babylonian Empire
The Chaldeans created a new empire, centered at Babylon after they defeated the Assyrians in 612 BC. The greatest king of Babylon was Nebuchadnezzar II. He rebuilt Babylon and put massive walls around the city to protect it. He also built a great palace with hanging gardens.

21. Classical Greece
Plato (pointing up to heavenly things) and Aristotle (gesturing down to Earth). From Raphael, The School of Athens(1509)
Thales of Miletus 625 BC

22. Ptolemy Created a Geocentric model of the universe.
This worked pretty well for a long time – especially for planets. But, eventually, errors would be detected (once math & technology developed more).

23. first computer from antiquity

24. Atlantis - The Lost Continent

26. European science in the Middle Ages Constantinople library
wildfire

27. The translation of Greek and Arabic works allowed the full development of European philosophy and the method of scholasticism.

29. Science in the medieval Islamic world

30. Science in the medieval Islamic world (also known, less accurately, as Islamic science or Arabic science) was the science developed and practiced in the medieval Islamic world during the Islamic Golden Age.
During this time scholars translated Indian, Assyrian, Iranian and Greek knowledge into Arabic. These translations became a wellspring for scientific advances by scientists from Muslim-ruled areas during the Middle Ages

31. Notable fields of inquiry
The roots of Islamic science drew primarily upon Arab, Persian, Indian and Greek learning. The extent of Islamic scientific achievement is not as yet fully understood, but it is extremely vast.
These achievements encompass a wide range of subject areas; most notably.
Mathematics
Astronomy
Medicine
Other notable areas, and specialized subjects, of scientific inquiry include
Physics
Alchemy and chemistry
Cosmology
Ophthalmology
Geography and cartography
Sociology
Psychology

32. The eye according to Hunain ibn Ishaq
The eye according to Hunain ibn Ishaq. From a manuscript dated circa 1200.
A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra

33. Arabs
al-Battani (850–922) was an astronomer who accurately determined the length of the solar year.
Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (801–873) was a philosopher and polymath scientist heavily involved in the translation of Greek classics into Arabic.
ibn al-Haytham (965–1040), also known as Alhazen, worked in several fields, but is now known primarily for his achievements in astronomy and optics. 

34. Persians
al-Khwarizmi (ca. 8th–9th centuries) was a Persian mathematician,[32]geographer and astronomer. 
al-Razi (ca. 854–925/935) was a Persian born in Rey, Iran. He was a polymathwho wrote on a variety of topics, but his most important works were in the field of medicine. 
al-Farabi (ca. 870–950) was a Persian/Iranian (born in Farab, Iran) rationalist philosopher and mathematician who attempted to describe, geometrically, the repeating patterns popular in Islamic decorative motifs. 

35. Omar Khayyam (1048–1131) was a Persian poet and mathematician who calculated the length of the year to within 5 decimal places.
Jabir ibn Hayyan (ca. 8th – 9th centuries) was a Persian[42] alchemist who used extensive experimentation and produced many works on science and alchemy which have survived to the present day. Jabir described the laboratory techniques and experimental methods of chemistry. He identified many substances including sulfuric and nitric acid. He described processes including sublimation, reduction and distillation. He utilized equipment such as the alembic and the retort. There is considerable uncertainty as to the actual provenance of many works that are ascribed to him.