1. Clause: a group of words that contains a subject and its predicate
CLAUSES
Clause: a group of words that contains a subject and its predicate

2. FYI:
A complete clause includes not only the subject and the verb, but all of the modifiers and phrases that go with them. A sentence may consist of only one clause or several, each with its own subject and predicate.

3. TWO KINDS OF CLAUSES: Independent clause: makes sense independently.
Example: Lance is a goofball.
Dependent clause: does not make sense unless it can “hang on to” an independent clause.
Example: Because Lance is a goofball…

4. MORE DEPENDENT CLAUSES:
Adjective dependent clause: (AKA relative clause) a dependent clause used as an adjective; often interrupts the main clause; begins with relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, that
Examples:
The man who followed you turned left.
We watched the man who turned left.
“I am he that walks with the tender and growing night.”

5. Adverb dependent clause: dependent clauses that act as big adverbs
Adverb dependent clause: dependent clauses that act as big adverbs. Adverb clauses usually begin with subordinating conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions: if, as, since, when, because, before, after, although, as long as, while, even though, in order that
Example: I jumped when the fish expanded.
(This clause acts as an adverb because it answers the question,
“When did I jump?”)

6. Where dependent clauses go:
Dependent clauses can not be used as sentences by themselves; they depend on an independent clause for meaning.
The dependent clause may be placed before, after, or even in the middle of an independent clause:
If you find the white whale, the voyage will be a success.
The evil will collapse when the white whale is destroyed.
The poet who wrote the cantos was exiled to Italy.
I found what I was looking for.

7. The difference between a clause and a sentence:
Read only:
A clause has both a subject and a predicate, like a sentence, but a sentence always has a complete thought, whereas a clause might be incomplete (if it’s dependent).
A sentence can consist of one or several clauses.

8. FOUR SENTENCE STRUCTURES:
Simple sentence: Structure: I
A simple sentence consists of simply one independent clause.
The house is haunted.

9. Structure: I + I or I+I+I, etc.
COMPOUND SENTENCE: II
Structure: I + I or I+I+I, etc.
A compound sentence is a sentence compounded by 2 or more independent clauses.
Ask me for tomorrow, and you shall find me a grave man.

10. Complex Sentence: ID D,I
Structure: I+D or D+I or D+I+D, etc.
A complex sentence consists of an independent clause joined to a dependent clause.
Whenever Richard Cory went downtown, we people on the pavement looked at him.

11. Compound-complex sentence IID DII
Structure: I+I+D or D+I+I
A compound-complex sentence contains both a compound clause structure and a complex clause structure.
Because I exercise, I feel happy, and I stay in shape.

12. Summary of Clause Punctuation:
I,ccI (comma before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence)
I;I (semicolon between independent clauses if no coordinating conjunction)
ID (no comma after independent clause in complex sentence)
D,I (comma after dependent clause in complex sentence)

13. Four Purposes of Sentences/Ideas:
Declarative Sentence: a sentence that declares (states)
I am going to the mall.
Interrogative Sentence: a sentence that interrogates (asks a question)
Are you going to the mall?
Imperative Sentence: a command
Go to the mall.
Exclamatory Sentence: exclaims
I’m going to the mall!

14. CONGRATULATIONS!!!!! You are finished taking grammar notes!!!!
until next year…..=0)