1. Warm Up
What are some characteristics of the North Central Plains region?
What are some characteristics of the Coastal Plains region?

2. Texas Native Americans

3. The Southeastern and Gulf Coast Peoples

4. CADDO
LOCATION
The Caddoes were part of a larger culture known as the Mississippian or Mound Builder Culture.
Caddoes first moved into the Piney Woods during the Late Prehistoric period.
East Texas
Rich soil and plenty of rainfall

5. CADDO
BLUE

6. CADDO
Housing:
Caddo houses were cone shaped buildings of poles covered with cane, grass, & mud
Sturdy, beehive shaped houses
Small hole in the top for fires
More than one family

7. CADDO Food Source/Daily Life:
They fished and hunted deer and small animals (rabbit). Crops were more important in their diet than meat and fish. Major crops included corn, beans, squash, and sunflower seeds.
Sometimes buffalo

8. CADDO
Appearance:
Caddoes made most of their clothing from deerskin, which they tanned a deep black. They wore mostly skirts and leggings
Men and women tattooed streaks on their faces and plant and animal designs on their bodies.

9. CADDO
Trading:
They traded beautiful clay pottery & hunting bows, they received shells from the Gulf Coast, turquoise from the Southwest, copper from the Great Lakes region. Skilled workers used these trade goods to make useful & decorative objects. The fact that Caddoes had such specialized craft workers shows how advanced their culture was.

10. CADDO Unusual facts
They were organized into 3 confederacies or alliances of people or groups that unite for a common purpose.
The Caddoes had the most advanced culture of all Texas Indians. Even in prehistoric times, they settled in villages, lived and farmed in small clearings in the forest.
Men helped the women with crops
Built mounds for burial and worship

11. COAHUILTECANS
PINK

12. COAHUILTECANS Location/Landforms:
Southwest Plains and the Rio Grande area toward Northern Mexico. Bottom part of Texas. They lived in hundreds of independent bands.
Mesquite thickets, desert, scattered grasslands, and cactus

13. COAHUILTECANS Housing:
Coahuiltecans lived in dome-shaped huts made by cutting and bending young trees and covering them with reed mats and animal hides. They could quickly roll up the mats and hides, place them on their backs, and move to the next camp.

15. COAHUILTECANS Food Source:
The Coahuiltecans were hunter-gatherers. They ate snakes, lizards, armadillos, worms, snails, spiders, and insects (ants).
With meat in short supply, plants formed the major part of the Coahuiltecans diet. Women and children gathered leaves, cactus tuna (nopalitos), fruits, mesquite beans (very sweet), and nuts.
They also hunted deer, javalinas, and rabbit

16. COAHUILTECANS APPEARANCE: Yucca sandals Rabbit skin shawls
Long, loin cloths

17. COAHUILTECANS UNUSUAL FACTS:
The most primitive or least advanced tribe of all the Texas’ tribes
Nomadic
Had an ambush technique and would then run for days
Would use a burning torch to attract fish (night)

18. KARANKAWA
PURPLE

19. KARANKAWAS Location/Landforms:
The Karankawa Indians lived along the Gulf Coast
Galveston Bay to Corpus Christi
Marshland
Goose Island Grove

20. KARANKAWAS
Housing:
Karankawa houses held about eight people and were easy to move.
Small poles with mats of leaves, grass and palm leaves

21. KARANKAWAS Food Source:
They survived by fishing in coastal bays and by hunting and gathering wild plants near the coast.
Fish/shellfish
Wild rice
Alligator
Water plants
Deer, bear, and bird
Sharks

22. KARANKAWAS Appearance:
Karankawas were taller than most Texas Indians. The average man was about six feet tall. Both men and women painted their bodies with red clay or charcoal, and the men pierced their lower lips and chests with small pieces of cane. They wore very little clothing. The women wore clothes made of deer skin or Spanish moss.

23. KARANKAWAS UNUSUAL FACTS: Nomadic
Used alligator grease for insect repellant
Pottery was waterproofed with natural asphalt
Dugout canoes
Special ceremony dance (mitoks)

24. WICHITA
For protection, villages joined together to create three tribes- Tawakonis, Wacos, and Wichitas.
Location: West of Caddo
Housing: Clay floors, dug moats, tipis
Food source: The Wichita were farmers who tended large fields of corn, pumpkins, squash, melons, beans, and groves of plum trees.

25. ATAKAPAN Coastal Area Marshland
Housing: Atakapan houses were cone shaped building of poles covered with cane palm leaves & mud
Food source: fish, sea life, deer, bear, bird, shark, alligator
Nomadic

26. Warm Up
What is one similarity between the Karankawas and the Coahuiltecans?
What is one difference between the Caddoes and the Karankawas?

27. The Plains Peoples

28. The Diet of the plains peoples
Buffalo
Deer
Corn
Beans
Pumpkins
Watermelon

29. The homes of the plains peoples
Tipis

30. APACHES
JUMANO BLUE (took over the area)

31. APACHES Locations/Landforms:
Around A.D. 1000, a Native American people moved south from the present-day Canada across the Great Plains. They posed a threat to the people who already lived on the land. In order to survive, these newcomers became fierce fighters.
“Apache” comes from the Zuni word apachu, which means “enemy”.
Two of the Apache tribes, the Lipans and Mescaleros, were very important to Texas history.

32. APACHES Housing/Food Source:
The Lipans 1st appeared in the Texas Panhandle in the 1500’s. They lived as independent bands. The Lipans wore clothes made of deerskin. To keep warm in the winter, they wrapped themselves in buffalo hide robes. Buffalo hides also covered their tipis.
The Lipans hunted buffalo and other animals and sometimes farmed. During spring and summer they lived in small villages where the women planted and harvested crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, and watermelons. In the fall and winter they moved about, following buffalo.
The Mescaleros were among the Apache tribes that settled in New Mexico. Their lands stretched from present-day El Paso to the Pecos River. Unlike the Lipans, the Mescaleros were a hunting and gathering people.

33. APACHES
Appearance:
They decorated their bodies and made most of their clothing from buffalo hides. Women had short hair. Men allowed their hair to grow long, parting it in the middle, with braids on each side.

34. COMANCHES Location/Landforms:
The 1st Comanches lived in the northern Rocky Mountains in what is now Wyoming. They were poor hunter gatherers and their environment offered little food. After they acquired horses from the Spanish they left the mountains to hunt buffalo. They became expert riders.
They first appeared in New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle in the early 1700’s. Over time, at least 13 bands of Comanche roamed the plains. Each band had a chief with limited power. He could act only with the approval of the band’s council. All adult males were members of the council. The entire council had to agree for decisions to take effect.

35. COMANCHES Food Source:
The Comanches entire way of life depended on the buffalo. The animals provided clothing, shelter, and most of their food.
The Comanches were nomads: people who wander from place to place in search of food.

36. COMANCHES
Housing:
Like other Plains Indians, the Comanches lived in tipis.

37. KIOWAS Location/Landforms:
They came into Texas late-after 1832-and occupied only the very northern part of the Panhandle. Their main territory lay to the north of Texas. The Kiowas raided other groups in Texas for many years. The Kiowas’ attacks brought them in conflict with the Comanches. For about 50 years, the two peoples were bitter enemies. Around 1790 they made peace. The Kiowas and Comanches became allies, or people who help each other to benefit them both.

38. KIOWAS Housing, Food Source:
The Kiowas’ culture was like that of most other Plains peoples. They were nomads and buffalo hunters who rode horses, lived in tipis, and traveled in bands. Their diet, dress, and appearance were similar to those of the Lipans and Comanches.

39. TONKAWAS
The Tonkawa were a group of independent bands. At first they lived on the Edwards Pleateau west of present-day Austin & San Antonio.
In the 1600’s and 1700’s, the Apaches and Comanches moved into the Tonkawas’ lands. They pushed the Tonkawas away from the Edwards Plateau and onto the Balcones Escarpment.
Central Texas
Treeless areas
Housing: Caves of limestone
Tipis
Food source: Buffalo, became hunters and gatherers
Nomadic
Women set up the camps

40. JUMANOS
Location: Around A.D the Jumanos established villages on the land between the Pecos River & the Rio Grande.
Housing: farmed and lived in pueblos made of adobe
Food source: corn, beans, squash; most fields close to rivers and streams so had reliable source of water
The Jumanos were great traders
Painted their faces in horizontal lines

41. More special information about the plains peoples
The Apaches were a warlike people and forced other tribes, like the Tonkawas, to move to other territories.
The Kiowas practiced the Sun Dance, an important and elaborate religious ceremony.

42. The Puebloan Peoples

43. The location of the Puebloan peoples
West Texas
Mountains and Basins region of Texas

44. The homes of the Puebloan Peoples
Adobe pueblos
Huts covered with grass or animal skins

45. The Diet of the Puebloan Peoples
Corn
Beans
Squash
Cactus
Deer
Birds
Rabbits
Fish

46. TIGUA
Location:
The Tiguas are the oldest group of Native Americans still living in Texas today. They settled along the Rio Grande, in a pass between two mountain ranges. There they established the town of Ysleta. It was the first permanent town in Texas.

47. TIGUA Food Source/ Daily Life:
The Tigua way of life is similar to that of the Jumanos and Conchos. They were farmers, and most of their food came from the corn, beans, and squash they grew. Their meat came from deer, rabbits, antelope, and other game that the men could find. Women and children gathered berries and other wild foods.
The council governed the tribe and elected the chief, who served for life. The chief, was the Tiguas’ religious leader.

48. JORNADA Location: Ancient peoples that lived in Southwest Texas
They lived in Hueco Tanks, near El Paso

49. JORNADA Housing/ Food Source:
Early on, the built pit houses. These were partially underground.
Later on, lived in adobe homes
Grew corn, beans, and squash

50. JORNADA Disappeared around the year 1400
Some historians believe they assimilated into other Native American tribes

51. CONCHO
Location/Landforms: lived southeast of the Jumanos, near present day Presidio.
Food source: corn, beans, and squash
Women did the farm work and gathered wild plants to eat
Men hunted using bows and arrows, and fished using nets
Allies with the Jumanos
Lived in huts that were covered with grass or animal skins

52. More special information about the Puebloan Peoples
Kiva: large room where the tribal council met and where other community activities occurred
Cacique: Spanish word for a Tigua religious leader