1. Gerunds and Infinitives
ESOL Grammar 4

2. Unit 14 Gerunds and Infinitives: Part 1
ESOL Grammar 4

4. Gerund vs. Infinitive Gerund Infinitive Base verb + -ing
to + a base verb
daydreaming,
skiing,
running,
surfing,
gambling
to daydream,
to ski,
to run,
to surf,
to gamble

5. Gerunds as Subjects and Objects
Gerund as Subject
Gerund Subject
Verb
Surfing
was
my favorite sport.
Skiing is
very exciting.
Daydreaming
wastes
time.
Gerund as Object
Subject
Verb
Gerund Object I
enjoy
daydreaming. He
stopped
surfing last year.

6. A few things about gerunds
It is always singular:
Painting makes me happy.
But, if 2 gerunds form a subject, the verb is plural:
Swimming and surfing are my favorite sports.
A gerund is NOT a present progressive verb.
Swimming is good. (“swimming” is a noun.)
He is swimming. (“swimming” is an action that is happening right now)

7. Gerunds and Prepositions
about, against, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, with, without, etc.
Preposition + object (noun; pronoun; gerund)
She is interested in him. (pronoun)
She is interested in seeing him. (gerund)
See 14-2 on p302 for a list of expressions like this.

8. Using Gerunds as the Objects of Preposition
Ex 3 on p (book)
Ex4 on pp
About taking
To being
About flying
For spilling
About having
For being
For flying
From getting
Of stealing
For taking
For doing
From taking
Of listening
In convincing

9. Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds
I considered joining the football team.
He denied cheating on the exam.
He should quit smoking. It’s really bad for his health.
See Chart 14-3 on p.307 and 14-9 on p.324 for lists of verbs followed by gerunds.
Memorize them!

10. Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Practice
Ex12 on p307 talking

11. Practice!
(scuba dive) ___ (be) ___ the most interesting water activity.
I think that ___ (snowboard) is quite dangerous.
I’ve put off ___ (call) my parents about the news.
He said he didn’t want to go ___ (shop) with his wife, which was fine with her.
(smoke) ___ and (drink) ___ ___ (be) not allowed in this restaurant.

12. Go + Gerunds He likes to go running in the morning.
They will go skiing this winter.
Let’s go dancing this weekend.
We will go to shopping on Saturday.

13. Go + Gerunds
Ex16 on p309 talking
Ex18 on p310 talking

14. special Expressions followed by -ing
Read Ex19 on p310.
Underline the verb that follows each phrase in blue.

15. Gerunds and Some Common Expressions
Examples
Fun / Difficulty
Have fun/a good time
Have difficulty/ trouble
Have a hard time /difficulty time
We had fun playing soccer yesterday.
We had trouble writing the essay.
We had a hard time finding his house.
Time / Money
Spend + (time/money)
Waste + (time / money)
Sam spends most of his time thinking.
I wasted a lot of money buying games.
Actions
Sit + (place)
Stand + (place)
Lie + (place)
She sat at her desk writing an essay.
I stood there wondering what I should do.
He is lying in bed reading a book.
Find/
Catch
Find + noun/pronoun
Catch + noun/pronoun
When I walked into my office, I found George using my phone.
When I walked into my office, I caught a thief looking through my desk drawers.

16. Gerunds and Some Common Expressions
Ex21 on p311 talking

17. Homework P. 304 Ex. 5 in looking of doing to having for helping
on knowing
in being
of living
for not going
in searching
for making
to going
from running
of clarifying
to wearing

18. Gerund vs. Infinitive Gerund Infinitive Base verb + -ing
to + a base verb
daydreaming,
skiing,
running,
surfing,
gambling
to daydream,
to ski,
to run,
to surf,
to gamble

19. Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Ex24 on p312

20. Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Types of common verbs
Example
Verb + Infinitive
He promised to go to the meeting.
Verb + Object + Infinitive
They told me to come to the meeting.
I need to call her right away.
I need Samantha to call her right away.
See Chart 14-6 on p313 for common verbs followed by infinitives.

21. Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Ex26 on p314 (HMW)
The professor allowed Alan to leave early. Alan was allowed to leave early.
Roberto reminded me to take my book back to the library. I was reminded by Roberto …
Mr. Chang encouraged me to take singing lessons. I was encouraged by Mr. Chang to take…
Mrs. Alvarez warned the children not to play with matches. The children were warned by Mrs. Alvarez not to play…
The Dean of Admissions permitted me to register for school late. I was permitted to…
The law requires every driver to have a valid driver’s license. Every driver is required to…
My friend advised me to get some automobile insurance. I was advised by my friend to get…
The robber forced me to give him all of my money. I was forced by the robber to give him…
My boss told me to come to the meeting ten minutes early. I was told by my boss to come…

22. Exercise 28
To join
Looking at
To give
Opening
To be…talking
To know
To be
Being
To touch
To have
Gerund or Infinitive? P.315

23. Gerund or Infinitive? P.315 12. To finish 13. Getting…to wait
Exercise 28
11.To take
12. To finish
13. Getting…to wait
14. To look for
15. To look for
16. Looking for
17. Looking for
18. Walking
19. Understanding
20. going
Gerund or Infinitive? P.315

24. Unit 15 Gerunds and Infinitives Part 2
ESOL Grammar 4

25. Correct or Incorrect? They encouraged me applying for the job.
She expected her sons to be successful.
He has admitted cheating in the exam.
The president denied to call President Mubarak.
I can’t stand waiting in line at a restaurant.
It’s a waste of time to persuade him. He won’t listen.
We will go to shopping next week.
Jennifer was busy to work on the project.
You should consider sending her flowers.

26. Correct or Incorrect? They encouraged me applying for the job.
She expected her sons to be successful.
He has admitted cheating in the exam.
The president denied to call President Mubarak.
I can’t stand waiting in line at a restaurant.
It’s a waste of time to persuade him. He won’t listen.
We will go to shopping next week.
Jennifer was busy to work on the project.
You should consider sending her flowers.

27. Gerunds or infinitives? 7 mistakes
What a great party! I usually avoid to go to parties because it’s such a problem for me to remember people’s names. I’m so glad I read that book about improve your memory. The author suggested to do exercises, and they really helped. I was advised not worrying about what people would think of me, and I tried to pay attention to what people were saying. As a result, I had a great time! I’m even planning going dancing with this guy Lev. I have an English test tomorrow, so I should stop writing now and start studying. The book even has some good tips about study for an exam. I look forward to use some of them tonight!

28. Gerunds or infinitives? 7 mistakes
What a great party! I usually avoid going to parties because it’s such a problem for me to remember people’s names. I’m so glad I read that book about improving your memory. The author suggested doing exercises, and they really helped. I was advised not to worry about what people would think of me, and I tried to pay attention to what people were saying. As a result, I had a great time! I’m even planning to go dancing with this guy Lev. I have an English test tomorrow, so I should stop writing now and start studying. The book even has some good tips about studying for an exam. I look forward to using some of them tonight!

29. Special Verbs Some verbs can take both gerunds and infinitives.
No change in meaning
Difference in meaning

30. Special Verbs – Gerunds/infinitives
Same meaning!
Begin
Hate
Love
Continue
Like/Dislike
Start
Can’t stand
Can’t bear
Prefer
It started to snow.
It started snowing.
See 14-7 on p317.

31. Special Verbs – Gerunds/infinitives
Different meanings!
Some verbs can take both gerunds and infinitives, but…
there is a difference in meaning.

32. I forgot to pick up milk from HEB yesterday.
Did I get milk?

33. I forgot getting milk from HEB yesterday
I forgot getting milk from HEB yesterday. I was totally distracted and didn’t remember what I was doing!
Did I get milk?

34. Verbs that can be followed by both gerunds and infinitives without changing meaning!

35. Emotion verbs
I love to garden.
I love gardening.

36. Emotion words like I like to get good grades.
I like getting good grades.

37. Emotion words hate I hate to fix the computer.
I hate fixing the computer.

38. Emotion words can’t stand, can’t bear
Lindsay can’t stand to eat vegetables.
Lindsay can’t bear to eat vegetables.

39. Emotion words can’t stand, can’t bear
Lindsay can’t stand eating vegetables.
Lindsay can’t bear eating vegetables.

40. Time words start She starts to run when the coach says go.
She starts running when the coach says go.

41. Time words begin She begins to run when the coach says go.
She begins running when the coach says go.

42. Time words continue
He continues to run until he reaches the finish line.
He continues running until he reaches the finish line.

43. Verbs that can be followed by both gerunds and infinitives but change meaning!

44. Stop (fat guy) He stopped to eat cake.
(He stopped what he was doing to eat cake!)

45. Stop (skinny girl)
She stopped eating ice cream because she is on a diet.
(She didn’t eat ice cream.)

46. Forget (grandma)
Grandma forgets living on a farm when she was a child.
(She lived on a farm, but she doesn’t remember.)

47. Forget (busy mom) Mom forgot to take Billy to the dentist.
(Mom did not take Billy to the dentist.)

48. Remember (memories)
I remember taking you to the beach when you were a baby.

49. Remember (to do list)
I remembered to buy milk.

50. Regret (guilty!)
I regret lying to my mother.

51. Regret (Sorry, but it’s bad news.)
We regret to inform you that the position has been filled.
(Formal, used with verbs such as tell, say, inform)

52. Try (experiment)
I tried mixing the chemicals and caused an explosion.

53. Try (effort)
It try to run every day.

54. go on (continue)
I hope you go on taking grammar classes.

55. Go on (finish one activity before doing another.)
When you finish ESOL classes, I hope yo go on to take academic classes such as business or science.

56. Quit
John quit working at Exxon.
(He stopped.)

57. Quit John quit (Exxon) to join the circus.
(He stopped one activity so he could do another.)

58. Verb
Verb + Gerund
Verb + Infinitive
forget
regret
remember
About something that has already been done
I forgot going to their house.
I regret telling her the news.
I remember going to their house.
About something that has not already been done or one has to do now
I forgot to go to their house.
I regret to tell you that you are not accepted.
I remembered to go to the shop.
stop
What we are doing before we stop
The class stopped talking when the teacher entered the room. (What activity discontinued?)
Why we stop
The class stopped to listen to the teacher. (What activity began?)
try
Experiment a possible solution to see what happens
I tried ringing the bell and knocking on the door many times, but no one answered the door. (Did I ring the bell and knock on the door?)
Making an effort to see if it can be done.
I tried to reach him by phone, but he was nowhere to be found. (Did I reach him by phone?)

59. Look in the book See Chart 14-7 on p317 Practice Ex30 on p318 HMW

60. 14-8
Learning English is difficult.
It is…
It is … for … to …

61. It + Infinitive Ex. 37 P O. 322
It is important to learn a second language.
It is necessary to attend every class.
It is interesting to know people from different countries.
It is a good idea to invite them to the party.
It takes a lot of time to learn to speak Korean.

62. Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects
Learning English is not easy.
To learn English is not easy.
Dancing Salsa is a lot of fun.
To dance Salsa is a lot of fun.
It is easy for young children to learn English.
Learning English is easy for young children.
To learn English is easy for young children.

63. 14-8
Homework
Ex37 p322

64. Chapter 15 Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2
ESOL Grammar 4

65. Practice 1. Dan was doing something, and then he looked at the clock.
Dan (stop / look) at the clock.
2. Beth asked us to meet at noon. Later, she remembered that she asked us.
Beth (remember / ask) us to meet at noon.

66. Practice 1. I wanted to set my alarm clock, but I didn’t do it.
1. I wanted to set my alarm clock, but I didn’t do it.
I (forget / set) my alarm clock.
2. I copied a paragraph from a website and put it in my essay. I got an A for the paper, but I feel bad about it.
I (regret / copy) a paragraph online to get an A.

67. Practice
3. Felipe asked everyone to come to a meeting on Thursday, but everyone was busy.
Felipe (try / plan) the meeting for Thursday, but he wasn’t able to.
4. I wanted to set my alarm clock, but I didn’t do it.
I (forget / set) my alarm clock.
5. I copied a paragraph from a website and put it in my essay. I got an A for the paper, but I feel bad about it.
I (regret / copy) a paragraph online to get an A.

68. 15-2 Special adjectives + an infinitive
It is
important
to know
a foreign language.
He was
pleased
to see
me.
We were
disappointed
to hear
the news.

69. Special nouns or indefinite pronouns + an infinitive
Noun/Pronoun
Infinitive
Do you have
anything
to read?
I have
something
to tell you.
It’s
time
to leave.
I have some
letters
to write.

70. Special #3: Too and Enough + an Infinitive
When we use too, it has a negative meaning.
It means that something is more than necessary or more than is wanted.
She is very young.
She is too young to drive.
I’m very tired.
I’m too tired to go.

71. “Enough”
When we use enough in an affirmative sentence, it has a positive meaning.
There is as much of something as is needed.
She is old enough to drive.
When we use enough in a negative sentence, it means that something is less than necessary or less than is wanted.
This coffee is not good enough to drink.

72. Too and Enough: Usage
… too + adj/adv + (for + obj) + infinitive It is too cold (for us) to go to the beach. … adj/adv + enough + (for + obj) + infinitive He spoke loudly enough (for us) to understand. … enough + noun + (for + obj) + infinitive There isn’t enough time (for them) to finish.

73. 15-3 Practice
Ex 12 on p336

74. 15-5 Need I need to paint my house. (active voice, need + infinitive)
My house needs painting.
My house needs to be painted.
(passive voice, need + gerund OR need + infinitive)

75. 15-5 Need
Practice
Ex 21 on p339

76. Homework P.342 Part ll P.345 Ex. 31 burning wash slam painted snoring
playing
call
walking
land
calling
P.345 Ex. 31
wash
painted
cashed
to go
shortened
fixed
cry
to do
take; taken
P Ex. 35
a,b
a,c a c b

77. 15-6“See” and “hear” an object + V-ing an object + base verb
After some verbs of perception, we can use
an object + V-ing
an object + base verb
See
Hear
Feel
Smell
Listen to
Look at
Notice
Watch
Observe

78. 15-6 Verbs of Perception I saw my friend run down the street.
I saw my friend running down the street.
I heard the rain fall on the roof.
I heard the rain falling on the roof.
When I walked into the apartment, I heard my roommate singing in the shower.
I heard a famous opera star sing at the concert last night.

79. 15-6 Verbs of Perception
Ex 25 on p341
If time, Ex 26 Part II on p342

80. 15-1 expressing purpose “in order to”
I drink a lot of tea every day in order to be healthy.
“in order not to”
You should attend the meeting in order not to miss important information.
“for + noun/noun phrase”
I went to the drugstore for some medicine.
I went to the drugstore to buy some medicine.

81. 15-8 Causative Verbs Active Voice make, have, get Passive Voice

82. Causative Verbs My mother made me do the dishes.
My father had me work on the class project with him all weekend.
My parents got us to clean the whole house.

83. Causative Verbs (Active Voice)
make / have + someone + verb (base)
get + someone + to + verb (base)

84. Causative Verbs: Active Voice
She is going to have the stylist cut her hair really short.
I made my friend write the essay for me even though it is considered cheating. It was wrong, I know.
You should get your assistant to make the copies for you.
********
When do we use the causative sentence with have, get, make?
… We use the causative to talk about something that we require or arrange for someone else to do it.

85. Causative Verbs My mother made me do the dishes.
My father had me stay home all weekend.
My parents got us to clean the whole house.

86. Causative Verbs: Have/Get/Make
When do we use have, get, or make to express accurate meanings?

87. Causative Verbs: Have/Get/Make
He had the salesperson show him 12 pairs of shoes.
The boss had us work late yesterday.
The teacher will have us complete the entire exercise, I’m sure.
Think: what exactly do these people have to do according to the sentences?
1. Salesperson –
2. Us –
3. Us –

88. Causative Verbs: Have/Get/Make
It took a long time, but I finally got my boss to give me a raise.
The teenager got his parents to let him take the car, but they told him to be very careful.
After 20 meetings and discussions, we finally got the president’s approval to offer the new course to ESOL students.
Think: What does the speaker in each sentence have to do to get what he/she/they wanted?

89. Causative Verbs: Have/Get/Make
1. The children’s mother made them go to bed.
2. The robber made the clerk give him the money.
3. The committee made me change the policy, which caused a huge budgetary concern.
Think: What does the subject of each sentence have that the object doesn’t have?

90. Causative Verbs: Have/Get/Make
He had the salesperson show him 12 pairs of shoes. The boss had us work late yesterday.
Request
It took a long time, but I finally got my boss to give me raise.
The teenager got his parents to let him take the car, but the told him to be very careful.
Persuade
No choice
The children’s mother made them go to bed.
The robber made the clerk give him the money.

91. Causative Verbs (Active Voice)
make / have + someone + verb (base)
get + someone + to + verb (base)

92. Causative Verbs: Passive Voice
I had Lorenzo style my hair last week. He’s the best!
I had my hair …

93. Causative Verbs: Passive Voice with “have” and “get”
My eyesight is getting worse. I should get the optometrist to check my eyes.
I should get my eyes …

94. Causative Verbs: Passive Voice with “have” and “get”
have / get + something + past participle (“something” cannot perform this action; so it is used as a passive voice here.)

95. Causative Verbs: Passive Voice with Have, Get
I always have my nails done by Sally.
They had their clothes cleaned last week.
We had 200 trees planted on campus last year.
S + have + something + verb (pp)
I got my eyes checked by Dr. Vision last month.
We are getting our car washed as we speak.
She got her teeth cleaned yesterday.
S + get + something + verb (pp)

96. Causative Verbs: Passive Voice with “have” and “get”
Watch out!
My eyesight is getting worse. I should get the optometrist to check my eyes.
I should get my eyes checked.

97. Causative Verbs: Passive Voice
Ex 30 p344
Ex 31 p345
Ex 32 p345

98. Homework P.342 Part ll P.345 Ex. 31 burning wash slam painted snoring
playing
call
walking
land
calling
P.345 Ex. 31
wash
painted
cashed
to go
shortened
fixed
cry
to do
take; taken
P Ex. 35
a,b
a,c a c b

99. Review Ex. 38 P. 350 Play/playing, joining To let, run
Staying, getting
To get, running, having, sprayed
Feel, to get, feeling, sneezing, coughing, to ask, go
Ex. 37 P.348 – 349
Being allowed
Thinking
To have, to know, to handle
Having, adjusting
Sipping, eating
Being forced/to be forced, to leave, to study, having
Have, join
Coming, leaving
Chewing, grabbing, holding, tearing, swallow
To force, to use, to feel, (to) share
To commute, moving, to be, to spend, doing, doing