1. Chapter 12
Prisons and Jails
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2. Early Punishments flogging mutilation branding public humiliation
workhouses
exile
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3. Early Punishments Flogging
through Middle Ages - most widely used form of punishment in England
used by American colonists as well as on the Western frontier
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4. Early Punishments Last officially sanctioned flogging in U.S.
Delaware – June 16, 1952
burglar received lashes
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5. Early Punishments
11th century England – blinding, cutting off of ears, ripping out tongues of individuals who poached on the King’s land
Amputation has been part of some societies by:
cutting hands off of thieves
blinding spies
castrating rapists
removing tongues of blasphemers
breaking fingers of pickpockets
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6. Early Punishments Branding
Early Romans, Greeks, French, and British used branding.
Branding served to readily identify individuals who had been convicted of some offense.
In 1829, British Parliament outlawed branding.
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7. Early Punishments First offenders were branded on the hand.
U.S. - Branding was customary in the colonies.
First offenders were branded on the hand.
Repeat offenders were branded on the forehead.
Women were rarely branded. Instead, they were shamed and forced to wear marks on their clothing.
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8. Early Punishments Public Humiliation
ducking stool - A seesaw device to which an offender is tied and lowered into a lake or river.
brank - A birdcage-like contraption that fit over a person’s head. The door on the front by mouth is fitted with a razor blade which enters mouth when the door is closed.
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9. Early Punishments
stocks - A person sits with hands locked in a wooden structure, while the head is free.
pillory - A person is forced to stand because of the wooden structure that closes over both the head and hands.
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10. Early Punishments Workhouses
Workhouses were an early form of imprisonment designed to foster habits of industry in the poor.
first workhouse in England
former British palace called St. Bridget’s Well
nicknamed “Brideswell” - became synonymous with workhouse
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11. Early Punishments
Exile
Exile is the practice of sending offenders out of country.
French sent offenders to Devil’s Island.
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12. Early Punishments Exile
England sent offenders to the colonies beginning in The program was called “transportation.”
American revolution stopped the practice of transportation.
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13. Early Prisons 1400’s - 1500’s first “prison” in Europe for debtors
Middle Ages
1400’s ’s first “prison” in Europe
for debtors
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14. Penitentiary Era (1790-1825) Walnut Street Jail, PA
It was converted to a prison by Quakers.
Goal was to provide religion and humanity to imprisoned offenders held in solitary confinement.
The study of the Bible was the primary method.
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15. Penitentiary Era ( )
It became known as the “Pennsylvania system.”
Handicrafts were introduced, allowing prisoners to work in their cells.
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16. Penitentiary Era ( )
Western Penitentiary opened in Pittsburgh, PA.
Eastern Penitentiary opened in Cherry Hill, PA.
Other states followed:
Vermont
Massachusetts
Maryland
New York
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17. Mass Prison Era ( )
This era introduced “congregate” but silent style.
Offenders ate, lived, and worked together in silence.
Corporal punishment was used for rule violators.
This became known as the “Auburn system.”
From 1825 onward, most prisons built in the U.S. followed the Auburn system.
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18. Reformatory Era ( )
Based upon the use of indeterminate sentence and belief in rehabilitation, the reformatory movement is the result of the work of two men.
Captain Alexander Maconochie
Sir Walter Crofton
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19. Captain Alexander Maconochie
Reformatory Era ( )
Captain Alexander Maconochie
Warden of Norfolk Island prison off of the coast of Australia in the 1840’s.
Prisoners at Norfolk were “doubly condemned.”
They had been “transported” to Australia because of crimes they had committed, and then they committed additional crimes while in Australia.
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20. Captain Alexander Maconochie
Reformatory Era ( )
Captain Alexander Maconochie
Maconochie developed the “mark system.”
Prisoners could earn credits to buy their freedom.
Negative behavior caused marks to be lost.
Mark system constituted first “early release” program.
Maconochie became known as “father of parole.”
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21. Reformatory Era (1876-1890) Sir Walter Crofton
head of Irish Prison System
adapted Maconochie’s early release program
set up four-stage program
entry stage - offenders are:
placed in solitary confinement
given simple, unmotivating work
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22. Reformatory Era ( )
Sir Walter Crofton
second stage - Offenders worked on fortifications at Spike Island where they were housed.
field unit stage - Offenders worked directly on public service projects in the community.
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23. Reformatory Era ( )
Sir Walter Crofton
ticket of leave stage - This stage allowed offenders to live and work in a community under occasional supervision of a “moral instructor.”
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24. Reformatory Era ( )
Sir Walter Crofton
Ticket of leave could be revoked at any time and the offender would serve remaining time of sentence in prison.
Crofton believed that reintegration into community was necessary for success of rehabilitation.
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25. Reformatory Era (1876-1890) Elmira Reformatory
Zebulon Brockway was the warden at Elmira.
The reformatory was a leading advocate of the indeterminate sentence.
Elmira accepted only first time offenders between ages
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26. Reformatory Era ( )
Elmira Reformatory
System of graded stages requiring offenders to meet goals in:
education
behavior
other appropriate goals
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27. Reformatory Era (1876-1890) Training made available in such areas as:
Elmira Reformatory
Training made available in such areas as:
telegraphy
tailoring
plumbing
carpentry
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28. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)
The goal was to maximize the use of the offender labor movement.
began in industrial northeast U.S.
Northern Prisons
smelted steel
made furniture
molded tires
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29. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)
Southern Prisons
farm labor
public works projects
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30. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935) Types of Offender Labor Systems
Contract system
Piece-price system
Lease system
Public account system
State-use system
Public works system
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31. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)
Contract system
Private business paid for rent of inmate labor.
Private business provided raw materials and supervised manufacturing process inside of prison.
Piece-price system
Goods produced for private business inside of prison.
Prisoners paid according to number and quality of goods they produced.
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32. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)
Lease system
Prisoners taken outside of prison to work.
Once at the work site, private business people took over supervision and employed prisoners.
Public account system
Industries owned entirely by prisons.
Prisons handled manufacturing of goods from beginning to end.
Finished goods sold on free market.
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33. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)
State-use system
Prisons manufactured goods ONLY for use by the prison or government agencies.
Prisons could NOT compete on the free market because of inexpensive labor advantage.
Public works system
Prisoners maintained public roadways, cleaned public parks, and maintained and restored public buildings.
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34. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)
Hawes-Cooper Act (1929)
This act required prison goods to conform to regulations of the states through which they were shipped.
States that outlawed the manufacture of free market goods in their own prisons were effectively protected from prison- made goods from other states under this act.
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35. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935)
Hawes-Cooper Act (1929)
Act came about as a result of complaints by labor that they could not compete with cheap prison labor.
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36. Industrial Prison Era (1890-1935) Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935)
It specifically prohibited interstate transportation and sale of prison made goods where prohibited by state law.
Act came about partly as a result of the Depression.
It effectively ended industrial prison era.
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37. Punitive Era ( )
With a moratorium on prison industries, prisons reverted back to custody and security as main goals.
Large maximum security prisons evolved in rural “out-of-sight” locations.
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38. Treatment Era (1945-1967) Treatment based on “medical model.”
Development of behavioral techniques in the 1930’s and 1940’s brought about the concept of treatment in prisons.
Treatment based on “medical model.”
Individual and group therapy programs evolved.
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39. Types of Therapy Programs
Treatment Era ( )
Types of Therapy Programs
behavioral therapy
drug therapy
neurosurgery
sensory deprivation
aversion therapy
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40. Treatment Era ( )
behavioral therapy - structured to provide rewards for approved behavior while punishing inappropriate behavior
drug therapy - use of drugs especially tranquilizers to modify behavior
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41. Treatment Era ( )
Neurosurgery was used to control aggressive behavior and destructive urges.
Frontal lobotomies were a part of this approach.
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42. Treatment Era ( )
sensory deprivation - Prisoners were isolated in a quiet, secluded environment and denied stimulation.
aversion therapy - Drugs and/or electric shock was used to teach a prisoner to associate negative behavior with pain and displeasure.
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43. Community Based Era (1967-1980)
This era relies upon resources of community instead of prison.
Plan is to keep offender in the community.
half-way house - Community- based treatment program whereby the individual lives in a house but is allowed to go to work during the day.
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44. Community Based Era (1967-1980)
Half-way In
Individuals who have been placed on probation and one condition is that they reside in the half-way house.
Half-way Out
Individuals on parole and one condition of their parole is that they reside at a half-way house.
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45. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
U.S. Prison Population,
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
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46. The Warehousing Era (1980-1995)
Robert Martinson
“Nothing Works” study (1974)
He surveyed 231 research studies that evaluated correctional treatment programs between
None of the 231 programs appeared to substantially reduce recidivism.
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47. The Warehousing Era (1980-1995)
recidivism - The commission of a crime by an individual who has previously been convicted of a crime; the new crime may be the same or different from the first crime.
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48. The Warehousing Era (1980-1995) Definitions of Prison Capacity
design capacity - The prison population the institution was originally built to handle.
operational capacity - The number of prisoners a facility can effectively accommodate based on the staff and programs of the facility.
rated capacity - The size of the prison population that a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts.
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49. The Just Deserts Era (1995-Present)
Imprisonment is seen as fully deserved and a proper consequence of criminal behavior.
Root purpose of imprisonment is punishment.
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50. The Just Deserts Era (1995-Present)
Virginia abolishes parole, increases the length of sentences for certain violent crimes, and plans building of 12 new prisons.
states report a decrease in prisoner privileges during previous 12 months.
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51. The Just Deserts Era (1995-Present)
reduces personal property allowed
restricts outside purchases
eliminates cable TV
abolishes family visits
eliminates special occasion banquets
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52. Numbers and Types of Prisons
Prisons Today
Numbers and Types of Prisons
Approximately
1,000 state prisons
80 federal prisons
461 state and federal prisoners per 100,000 population
On January 1, 2001, state and federal prisons held 1,381,892 inmates. Slightly more than 6.6% of those imprisoned were women.
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53. Prisons Today
Race
Whites - 1,108 incarcerated per ,000 white males in their late 20’s.
Blacks - 9,749 incarcerated per ,000 black males in their late 20’s.
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54. Prisons Today Types of Crimes State Level
48% sentenced for violent crime.
21% sentenced for property crime.
21% sentenced for drug crime.
Federal Level
61% sentenced for drug law violations.
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55. Prisons Today Inmates low level of formal education
socially disadvantaged background
lack of significant vocational skills
(most) served time in a juvenile facility
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56. Prisons Today Staff 350,000 people are employed in corrections.
20% of all correctional officers are female.
70% of correctional officers are white.
22% of correctional officers are black.
5% of correctional officers are Hispanic.
4.1 to 1 is the inmate/custody staff ratio.
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57. Prisons Today maximum medium minimum Security Levels
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58. Prisons Today Maximum High levels of security characterized by:
high fences/walls of concrete
barriers between living area and outer perimeter
electric perimeters
laser motion detectors
electronic and pneumatic locking systems
metal detectors
X-ray machines
television surveillance
thick walls
secure cells
gun towers
armed guards
radio communication between staff
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59. Prisons Today
Medium
Similar in design to maximum security facilities, however, they allow prisoners more freedom.
Prisoners can usually:
associate with other prisoners
go to prison yard
use exercise room/equipment
use library
use shower and bathroom facilities under less supervision
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60. Prisons Today
Medium
While individual cells predominate, dormitory style housing is sometimes used.
Cells and living quarters tend to have more windows.
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61. Prisons Today Medium “Count”
Process of counting number of inmates during course of day. Times are random, and all business stops until count is verified.
Medium security facilities tend to have barbed wire at top of fences instead of large stone walls of maximum security facilities.
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62. Rates of Imprisonment in the United States
Source: Allen J. Beck and Paige M. Harrison, Prisoners in 2000 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001).
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63. Prisons Today
Minimum
Housing tends to be dormitory style, and prisoners usually have freedom of movement around the facility.
Work is done under general supervision only.
Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist.
Fences, if they do exist, are low and sometimes unlocked.
“Counts” are usually not taken.
Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes.
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64. Federal Prison System History
Leavenworth, Kansas - First federal prison for civilians opens.
Second prison in Atlanta opens.
Alderson, West Virginia - First federal prison for women opens.
Springfield, Missouri - Medical Center for federal prisoners opens with 1,000 bed capacity.
Alcatraz begins operations.
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65. Federal Prison System administrative maximum (ADMAX) high security
Security Levels
administrative maximum (ADMAX)
high security
medium security
low security
minimum security
administrative facility
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66. Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)
Federal Prison System
Administrative Maximum (ADMAX)
ADMAX is ultra-maximum security.
It is located in Florence, Colorado.
The 575 bed facility opened in 1995.
Dangerous prisoners confined to cell 23 hours per day.
Prisoners are not allowed to associate with each other.
1% of federal prison population is confined here.
It holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists, murderers, escape artists, etc.
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67. High Security (called U.S. penitentiaries)
Federal Prison System
High Security (called U.S. penitentiaries)
armed patrol
intense electronic surveillance
designed to prevent escapes and contain disturbances
10% of federal prison population
8 facilities
Examples:
Atlanta, GA
Lewisburg, PA
Terre Haute, IN
Leavenworth, KS
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68. Federal Prison System Medium Security
(called federal correctional institutions)
double chain link fence
electronic monitoring of grounds
23% of federal prison population
26 facilities
Examples:
Terminal Island, CA
Lompoc, CA
Seagoville, TX
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69. Federal Prison System surrounded by double chain link fence
Low Security
surrounded by double chain link fence
employs vehicle patrols of perimeter
28% of federal prison population
17 facilities
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70. Federal Prison System Federal Prison System
Minimum Security
(called federal prison camps)
essentially honor-type camps
barrack type housing
no fences
35% of federal prison population
55 facilities
Examples:
Elgin Air Force Base, FL
Maxwell Air Force Base, AL
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71. Administrative Facility
Federal Prison System
Federal Prison System
Administrative Facility
institutions with special missions
most are metropolitan detention centers (MDCs)
generally located in large cities, close to federal courthouses
jails holding inmates awaiting trial
medical centers for federal prisoners (MCFP)
5 facilities that function as hospitals
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72. Jails
original purpose - Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.
current use - Jails hold those convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial.
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73. Jails Statistics - 2001 621,149 men are held in jail.
70,414 women are held in jail.
7,615 juveniles are held in jail.
56% are pre-trial detainees or involved in some phase of the trial process.
22% have been charged with a drug offense.
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74. Jails Profile 3,365 jails 207,600 correctional officers
2.9/1 inmate/staff ratio
$14,667 average - to house person in jail for a year
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75. Jails 20,000,000 people are admitted annually to jail.
2/3 of all jails are designed to house 50 or less prisoners.
6% of the jails hold over 50% of the prisoners.
Almost 50% of jail population is held in 5 states: California, Texas, Florida, New York, and Georgia.
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76. Source: U.S. Department of Justice
Causes of Jail Deaths in the U.S.
Source: U.S. Department of Justice
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77. Women and Jail
Women compose only 11.4% of the country’s jail population.
Educational levels are low.
4% of female inmates are pregnant at the time they come to jail.
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78. Women and Jail
Women make up 22% of the correctional force in jails across the nation.
626 jails, in which over 50% of the correction officer force consists of women.
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79. Growth of Jails end of 1980’s - Jails are overcrowded.
Court ordered caps put on population.
Jail capacity increased, and occupancy was at 92% of rated capacity.
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80. Growth of Jails new jail management strategy - direct supervision
system of pods or modular self-contained housing areas
open environment
“new generation” jails
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81. Future of Jails adding critical programs for inmates
increasing jail industries
use of citizen volunteers
jail “boot camps”
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82. Private Prisons States use private prisons to: reduce overcrowding
lower operating expenses
avoid lawsuits
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83. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
U.S. Incarceration by Race and Sex
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
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