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Water Soluble Vitamins
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Vitamin C Deficiencies
Scurvy – bleeding gums and small pinpoint hemorrhages (red spots) on skin Bone fragility and joint pain Poor wound healing Frequent infections
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Thiamin Deficiencies Beriberi with possible edema or muscle wasting Enlarged heart Heart failure Muscular weakness Pain Apathy Poor short-term memory Confusion Irritability Difficulty walking Paralysis Anorexia Weight loss
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Riboflavin Food sources
Beef liver Cottage cheese Enriched cereal Spinach Milk Yogurt Pork chop Mushrooms
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Can vitamin C cure the common cold?
No, but it can help aid the immune system to fight it.
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New genetic material Folate Synthesize DNA
Roles of Folate Part of a coenzyme needed for new cell synthesis
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Biotin and Pantothenic Acid (pg. 268)
Much like thiamin, riboflavin and niacin – important in energy metabolism Roles for biotin – gene expression Roles for Pantothenic Acid – participates in the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin. Both readily available in foods A steady diet of raw egg whites, which contain a protein that binds biotin, can produce biotin deficiency. You would have to consume more than two dozen raw egg whites daily to produce that effect.
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Thiamin Food Sources Enriched pasta and cereal Pork chop Green peas Waffle Wheat bagel Sunflower seeds Baked potato Black beans
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Vitamin C Toxicity Nausea Abdominal cramps and diarrhea Rashes Interference with medical tests and drug therapies Aggravation of gout or kidney stones
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Niacin Deficiencies Pellagra – flaky skin rash (dermatitis) when exposed to sunlight Mental depression Apathy Fatigue Loss of memory Headache Diarrhea Abdominal pain Vomiting Swollen, smooth, bright red or black tongue
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Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Vitamin B12 Toxicity
None reported
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Vitamin C Food sources Sweet red pepper and green pepper Brussels sprouts Grapefruit Sweet potato Orange juice Broccoli Strawberries Bok choy
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Vitamin B6 Toxicity Depression Fatigue Impaired memory irritability Headaches Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness progressing to an inability to walk and convulsions Skin lesions
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Non- Non-B Vitamins (pg. 269) Choline Carnitine Inositol Lipoic acid
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Folate Food Sources Beef liver Pinto beans Asparagus Avocado Lentils Spinach Enrich cereal Beets
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Niacin Toxicity Painful flush, hives and rash Excessive sweating Blurred vision Liver damage Impaired glucose tolerance
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Riboflavin Deficiencies
Cracks and redness at corners of mouth Painful, smooth, purplish red tongue Sore throat Inflamed eyes and eyelids Sensitivity to light Skin rashes
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Vitamin B6 Food Sources Beef liver Banana Sweet potato Baked potato Chicken breast Spinach
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Folate Deficiency Anemia Smooth, red tongue Depression, mental confusion Weakness Fatigue Irritability Headache A low intake increases the risk of neural tube birth defects
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Vitamin B12 Roles Part of coenzymes needed in new cell synthesis Helps to maintain nerve cell
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Coenzyme Action Without the coenzyme, compounds A and B don’t respond to the enzyme. With the coenzyme in place, compounds A and B are attracted to the active site on the enzyme, and they react. The reaction is completed with the formation of a new product. In this case the product is AB. The product AB is released.
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Niacin Food Sources Chicken breast Pork chop Baked potato Tuna Enriched cereal Mushrooms
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Vitamin B12 Deficiency Pernicious anemia Smooth tongue Tingling or numbness Fatigue Memory loss Disorientation Degeneration of nerves progressing to paralysis
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Tryptophan Niacin Roles of Vitamin B6
Part of a coenzyme needed in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin Helps to make hemoglobin for red blood cells
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Roles of the B Vitamins in Metabolism
B vitamins help the body metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acidsx. B vitamins do not supply the body with energy. B vitamins help the body use that energy made from carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
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Vitamin B6 Deficiencies
Anemia Depression Confusion Abnormal brain wave pattern Convulsions Greasy, scaly dermatitis
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Collagen Antioxidant Roles of Vitamin C
Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth) Antioxidant Restores vitamin E to active form Supports immune system Boosts iron absorption
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Vitamin B12 Food Sources Chicken liver sirloin steak Cottage cheese Pork roast Sardines Tuna Swiss cheese Enriched cereal
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