1. 1 AA displacement theme seabuckthorn seed oil- nutraceutical containing omega 3 (18:3) and omega 6 (18:3) fatty acids

2. 2 BODY FAT ACCUMULATION Waist - all males and post-menopausal females Hips - pre-menopausal females

3. 3 Lecture 7a- 23 February 2015 Water-soluble vitamins

4. 4 VITAMINS-SOME GENERAL COMMENTS Individual molecules-structures Do not provide energy-no kcal value but can assist as coenzymes in metabolism that yields energy Are needed in microgram or milligram quantities and therefore are micronutrients

5. 5 WHAT ARE THE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS B CLASS AND C B CLASS Thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) Riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) Niacin (vitamin B 3 ) Vitamin B 6 Folate Vitamin B 12 Pantothenic acid Biotin

6. 6 B CLASS THIAMINE (VITAMIN B 1 ) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism -maintains normal appetite -nervous system functioning Sources-whole grains, liver, legumes, nuts Deficiencies- beriberi (mental confusion, peripheral paralysis, anorexia, edema) Toxicities – none known

7. 7 RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B 2 ) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism, -tryptophan to niacin conversion Sources- milk and other dairy products, whole grain breads, eggs meat, green leafy vegetables Deficiencies- dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, photophobia, reddening of the cornea Toxicities-none reported

8. 8 NIACIN (VITAMIN B 3 ) Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism -promotes normal nervous system function Sources-all protein foods, whole grain and enriched breads and cereals Deficiencies-4 Ds (pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) Toxicities-flushing, liver damage, low blood pressure, gastric ulcers, diarrhea (deficiencies)?, nausea, vomiting

9. 9 VITAMIN B 6 Function-coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism -helps convert tryptophan to niacin -helps produce insulin, hemoglobin and nerve coverings and antibodies Sources –meats, fish, poultry, fruits, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts Deficiencies-dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and anemia Toxicities-depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches

10. 10 FOLATE Function -coenzymes in DNA synthesis -vital for new cell synthesis and transmission of heredity Sources-leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver, orange juice, fortified foods (eg breads) Deficiencies-diarrhea, swollen tongue, anemia, depression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue Toxicities - mask B 12 deficiency

11. 11 VITAMIN B 12 Function-coenzyme in the synthesis of new cells -activates folate -maintains nerve cells -metabolism of some fatty and amino acids Sources -meat, fish, poultry, milk, dairy products, eggs Deficiencies-glossitis, anorexia, indigestion, weight loss, anemia, numbing of hands and feet, decreased sense of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory, irritability, depression, paranoia, delirium and hallucinations Toxicities-none reported

12. 12 PANTOTHENIC ACID Function-part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism Sources -meat, poultry, whole grain cereals and legumes Deficiencies-rare- general failure Toxicities -perhaps diarrhea

13. 13 BIOTIN Function -coenzyme -energy metabolism -fatty acid synthesis -amino acid metabolism, -glycogen formation Sources-eggs, liver, yeast breads, gastrointestinal tract flora Deficiencies- rare-anorexia, fatigue, depression, dry skin, heart abnormalities Toxicities-none reported

14. 14 VITAMIN C Function - collagen synthesis, antioxidant, promotes iron absorption, hormone synthesis, immune function Sources -citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, cauliflower, cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mustard greens, strawberries, tomatoes Deficiencies -scurvy (bleeding, muscle degeneration, delayed wound healing) Toxicities -diarrhea, cramps, headache, insomnia, fatigue, hot flashes, gout, aggravation

15. 15 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS IDATME Ingestion- oral, tube, iv Digestion- none though food must be broken down to release vitamins for absorption Absorption-directly into blood via facilitated diffusion Transport-transported freely in blood Metabolism- to correct forms and to forms for excretion Excretion-urine and faeces-whole and metabolites of vitamins -saliva? (whole) -no other routes of excretion

16. 16 FUNCTIONAL FOODS All of foods having significant amounts of various vitamins Two issues Concentrations Separation of effects- eg cancer

17. 17 VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS (VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS) No need if good diet- good diet will meet the nutritional functions of the vitamins Can get beneficial effects that cannot get from diet (concentration issue) Supplements - get concentration but also potential toxicity

18. 18 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Heart disease Niacin-lower cholesterol and LDL and increase HDL Vitamin C-antioxidant

19. 19 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED Stroke Niacin-lipid levels Vitamin C-antioxidant

20. 20 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED Cancer Vitamin C - antioxidant

21. 21 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED Metabolic stress: infection, :trauma (e.g. head injury) :burns :surgery Increased need, due to fluid loss, for B and C vitamins -B and C vitamins given through feeding tube or intravenously

22. 22 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED birth defects-neural tube defects (ntds) e.g. spina bifida prior to pregnancy- female use of folate to prevent ntds

23. 23 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED Common cold - vitamin C

24. 24 VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE CONTINUED Smoking Body vitamin C levels are decreased by smoking

25. 25 WHATS NEW IN WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN RESEARCH? Harris et al. 2013. Vitamin C intake and breast cancer mortality in a cohort of Swedish women. Br J Cancer.109(1):257-64. Increased dietary vitamin C intake before breast cancer diagnosis may give better breast cancer survival.