1. Unit 13: Global Climate Change
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?) 16
CHAPTER

2. Rising Seas May Flood the Maldive Islands
Sea levels are rising worldwide.
Scientists link this to global climate change.
Global climate change threatens the Maldives, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, with flooding, severe storms, erosion, and saltwater contamination.
Talk About It Why are rising sea levels a concern for all people, not just those who live on the Maldives Islands?

3. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be too cold to support life.

4. Weather Climate Weather vs. Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Weather vs. Climate
Weather
_____________ - day to day conditions
____________ - an area’s average weather conditions over a long period of time
Climate

5. Factors that Influence Earth’s Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Factors that Influence Earth’s Climate
Three Main Factors:
____________________
_______________________________
_______________________
The Sun
Global Wind Patterns
The Oceans

6. The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Energy from the sun is transferred to the Earth by ______________
About ____% of radiation is _____________ back into space but the rest is _____________ and converted to ________
Radiation 30
Reflected
Absorbed
Heat

7. The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Greenhouse Effect
_______________________- A natural process in which greenhouse gases _______________ and _____________________ back into the atmosphere
Greenhouse gases _________________________ that has been converted to heat at Earth’s surface.
Greenhouse gases _______________ and release it _________
Absorb heat
Release it slowly
Do NOT trap energy
Absorb heat
slowly

8. The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Sun’s Effect on Climate
If greenhouse gases keep heat in the atmosphere, why don’t they block solar energy from getting to Earth in the first place?
The energy that the ____________________________________ and since it is of _________________________________________, it can be __________________________________________
Earth radiates is mainly heat
Lower energy than solar radiation
Absorbed by the Greenhouse gases

10. The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Some examples or greenhouse gases are:
________________
___________________
Water Vapor }
Major
Carbon Dioxide }
Ozone
Minor
Nitrous Oxide
Methane

11. The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Is the greenhouse effect a bad thing?
_________
Without it, it would be ___________ for life on Earth as we know it.
NO!!
Too cold

12. The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Latitude
____________ is a measure of a place’s distance from the _____________.
The sun strikes different parts of the globe at different ____________.
In general, the ________________________, the _________ a location’s overall __________ will be.
The _____________ are also caused by the changing angles at which sunlight strikes Earth.
Equator
angles
Greater the latitude
Cooler
climate
seasons

14. The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Sun’s Effect on Climate
Sunspot Cycles
A sunspot is a ________ spot on the sun caused by the sun’s _______________ field
The ____________________ present on the surface of the sun, the ________________ the sun gives off
The number of sunspots rises and falls every ___________
dark
magnetic
More sunspots
More radiation
11 years

16. Wind’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Wind’s Effect on Climate
Convection Currents
Caused by ______________________ resulting from rising warm air and falling cool air
Transports ____________________
Moisture & Heat

17. Wind’s Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Wind’s Effect on Climate
Warm air
Global wind patterns move ____________ away from the __________, toward poles.
Cold air moves from ____________________.
Winds pick up ____________ and can carry it for long distances until it falls as __________________.
equator
Poles to equator
Moisture
Precipitation

18. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate

19. The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
currents affect climate
heat
Ocean __________________________ by transporting _____.
The currents are caused by a combination of unequal ___________ of water and unequal ____________.
________________ salty water moves along the ___________ and ____________________ water moves deep beneath the ocean’s surface
Known as _____________________ circulation
heating
salinity
Warm, less
surface
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:
Cold, more salty
Thermohaline

21. The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
El Niño
La Niña
___________ and _____________ are disruptions to normal climate patterns
Both are caused by variations in the typical interactions between the ___________________________________.
Ocean and the atmosphere
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:

22. The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
The little boy
El Niño means ____________________.
____________ than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific
Caused by a __________________ of the trade winds
Warmer
weakening
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:

24. The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
The little girl
La Niña means ____________________
___________ than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific
Caused by a ______________________ of the trade winds
Cooler
strengthening
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:

25. The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
9-12 months
El Niño & La Niña typically last __________________
They occur about every __________________ (however, the pattern is extremely _____________)
They disrupt weather patterns _________________
3-5 years
irregular
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:
worldwide

26. The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Oceans’ Effect on Climate
Back & Forth
Carbon Dioxide moves ________________ between the ______________________________
Oceans can hold ___________ more carbon dioxide than the atmosphere
This can have a ________________ since CO2 is a ____________________.
Unfortunately, the oceans absorb CO2 more _________ than it is being _______________________________.
Atmosphere & Ocean Water
50 times
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:
Cooling effect
Greenhouse gas
slowly
Added to the atmosphere

27. Other Factors That Effect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Effect Climate
Topography
___________________________ of an area
___________________ have ________ temperatures
Mountain ranges affect _________ patterns.
Surface Characteristics
Higher Altitudes
cooler
rainfall
Mount Cayambe

28. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Affect Climate
Volcanoes
Gases and particles can temporarily __________________, causing air to _______.
Not a _______________________
Block sunlight
cool
Long lasting effect
Mount St. Helens

29. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Affect Climate
Vegetation
Promotes ___________________.
Absorbs __________________.
Cloud formation
Carbon dioxide

30. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Affect Climate
Earth’s orbit
Changes in Earth’s orbit and the tilt of Earth’s _______ affect the distribution of __________________.
___________ are at least partially caused by changes in Earth’s orbit and axis
axis
Solar radiation
Ice Ages

31. Lesson Climate Change
According to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2009 tied for second warmest year on record, just behind The decade spanning 2000–2009 was the warmest on record.

32. Global Climate Change vs. Global Warming
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Global Climate Change vs. Global Warming
many
Global Climate Change – ________ climate changes, such as _______________, rainfall, ________________ & ______________________
Global Warming – an increase in Earth’s average ___________________________
temperature
Wind patterns
Storm frequency
Surface temperatures

33. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Global warming is occurring
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
IPCC
United Nations
In 1988, the _________________ and the World Meteorological Association established the ________________________________________________ (IPCC)
______________ of experts on the panel combined their findings
They determined that _______________________________ and that human activities have _______________
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Thousands
Global warming is occurring
contributed

34. Evidence of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Evidence of Climate Change
Global surface temperatures
Rising __________________________________
According to the ______, the average atmospheric temperatures near Earth’s surface ____________ by 0.74°C between __________________
IPCC
increased
1906 & 2005

35. Evidence of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Evidence of Climate Change
Precipitation patterns
2) Changes in _______________________
_____________________ to precipitation patterns have occurred over the past 100 years
Some areas are receiving ____________, some are receiving ________
_____________________ have increased in both dry and moist regions
Complex changes
More rain
less
Heavy Rainstorms

36. Evidence of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Evidence of Climate Change
Melting Ice (Glaciers & Artic Ice)
3) ______________________________________________
Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montana’s Glacier National Park. Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008

37. Evidence of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Evidence of Climate Change
Rising Sea Levels
4) ______________________
It is estimated that ________ sea level has risen _______________ in the past century
One reason for this is ________________________
When something gets __________, its volume ____________
(ex. ___________________)
global
6.7 inches
Thermal Expansion
warmer
increases
Thermometer

38. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
In order to understand something that is ____________, we need to be able to look at the _______________________ so that we can predict the ________
________________________ is used to study the present climate.
changing
Past & the present
future
Direct measurement

39. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
Past
In order to study ______ climate, scientists use ___________________
Proxy indicators are types of __________ evidence that serve as proxies (or ______________) for direct measurements
Examples: Clues in Ice, Sediments & Tree Rings
Proxy Indicators
indirect
substitutes

40. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
Proxy Indicators
Clues in the Ice
As ice forms, _______________________ become trapped inside
Long ___________ (columns) are taken and the tiny bubbles and ice can be analyzed to determine the ________________ of the air and ice during a given _________________
This can give scientists clues about the temperatures at a given time
Tiny bubbles of air
Ice cores
composition
Time Period

41. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
Proxy Indicators
2) Clues in the ____________
Consist of particles or rock and soil that have been ________________
Ancient sediments often preserve _____________________________
This information can be used to determine possible _____________ for a given location
Sediment
Deposited
Pollen Grains & plants
climate
composition

42. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
Proxy Indicators
3) Clues in ___________________
When looking at tree rings, a pair or ______________ rings represents ____________ of tree growth
The _______ of the tree rings indicates how much the tree grew in a particular season
A wide ring would generally indicate a _____________ year
Tree Rings
Light & dark
One Year
width
Warm, wet
composition

43. Studying Climate Change
Which tree would be more useful in studying past climate?

44. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
Predict future climate change
In order to ___________________________________, scientists will often use ____________________
A climate model is a program that takes __________________ about the atmosphere and oceans and uses it to ___________________________________
Climate models must be rigorously ________ against past data _________________________ to predict future data
Climate models
What is known
Simulate climate processes
tested
Before they are used
composition

45. Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Measurements have shown that the levels of greenhouse gases are __________________________________ today
Many scientists (and the IPCC) believe that this increase in greenhouse gases is ______________________________________ and therefore causing _______________________
“97% of climate scientists believe that the climate-warming trends over the past century are very likely due to human activity” – climate.nasa.gov
Increasing in the atmosphere
Increasing the greenhouse effect
Global warming

47. Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Carbon Dioxide
__________________ (CO2 ) is not the only greenhouse gas that has been increasing
But, because it is the __________________, it is considered the ____________________ for climate change
Most abundant
Most responsible

50. Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Most scientists agree that the extra CO2 in the atmosphere is the result of __________________
The burning of ________________ releases CO2 into the atmosphere
___________________________ also increases the atmospheric CO2 concentration because those trees no longer ____________ CO2
Human Activity
Fossil Fuels
Cutting Down Forests
Take in

51. People Like to Disagree
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
People Like to Disagree
While many think that human activities are causing global warming, others think that global warming is being caused by mainly natural causes and some do not think it is happening at all
This is an issue of mass political debate

52. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
In 2003, a severe heat wave in Europe killed 35,000 people.

53. Effects on Organisms Habitats Shift Poles Altitudes Lilac
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects on Organisms
Habitats Shift
1) ________________
Toward the _________
Toward higher ____________.
Ex. California _________
Moved up mountains by feet .
Poles
Altitudes
Lilac

54. Effects on Organisms Migration Times Earlier 2 Weeks
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects on Organisms
Migration Times
2) Changing ______________
Migrations start _________ in the spring.
Ex. Robins arrive on a Colorado mountaintop about _____________ earlier than they did in 1970. .
Earlier
2 Weeks

55. Problems Obtaining Food
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects on Organisms
Problems Obtaining Food
3) ______________________________
Loss of ice makes hunting ________ difficult for ______________.
Seals
Polar Bears

56. Effects on Organisms Changing Oceans warmer Coral Bleaching
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects on Organisms
Changing Oceans
4) ______________________
Oceans are becoming ________.
Ex. ________________– algae in corals are dying and so the corals die too
*Scientists do not fully understand why the algae is dying
warmer
Coral Bleaching

57. Effects on Organisms Changing Oceans Absorbing Atmosphere
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects on Organisms
Changing Oceans
4) ______________________ (continued)
Oceans are ____________ more CO2 since there is more in the ______________
When CO2 dissolves in water, it forms _____________
H2O + CO2 → H2CO3
Overtime, this acidification can ______________________________
Absorbing
Atmosphere
Carbonic Acid
Harm Ocean Organisms

58. The Future of Ecosystems
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
The Future of Ecosystems
It is ________________ all of the effects that climate change might have on ecosystems
An increase in CO2 might _______________________
However, if ____________________ increase, vegetation might __________
We may lose species to climate change which would decrease _____________
Hard to Predict
Increase vegetation
Droughts and fires
decrease
biodiversity

59. Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Effects are complex
Agriculture and forestry: __________________________.
Can be positive: _________________ growing season for some crops
Can be negative: _______________________________
Economy: Decreased _________; increased property damage due to __________________
Human health: Extreme heat waves increasingly common, can cause _________________________
Lengthened
Droughts & Forest Fires
yields
Severe storms
Heat stroke and death

60. Possible Future Effects of Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Possible Future Effects of Climate Change
Diseases: Warmer temperatures can ________________________________ transmitted from animals to people.
Sea level: Low-lying populated coastal areas ____________ as sea levels rise.
Water supply: Saltwater contamination of __________ resulting from rising sea levels and a decrease in glacial ice may threaten _________________________.
Promote the spread of diseases
May flood
Black-legged ticks, known to spread Lyme disease
aquifers
Freshwater supplies

61. Underwater Meeting to Raise Awareness
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Maldives
Underwater Meeting to Raise Awareness

62. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Fossil fuel combustion generates 70% of the electricity used in the United States.
Energy conserving light bulbs

63. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
We Need YOU
No matter what your stance on global warming, we are responsible for taking care of our planet.
Better safe than sorry.

64. Response to Climate Change
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Response to Climate Change
Two basic approaches to addressing climate change:
______________ - protecting people from the ___________ of global warming
Ex. ______________________ around Maldives’ capital to protect roads
2) _____________ - ____________ greenhouse gas emissions
(_________________________ of the problem)
Ex. Reduce the amount of carbon dioxide each person is responsible for (_____________________)
Effects
Adaptation
Building a sea wall
Mitigation
reducing
Eliminate the source
Carbon Footprint

65. Response to Climate Change
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Response to Climate Change
Even though both are important, which strategy will be the most important long term: adaptation or mitigation?
Mitigation

66. Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity
70%
______ of electricity is generated by burning ______________ in the US.
Reducing __________ use reduces carbon footprints.
Fossil Fuels
electricity

67. Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity
Ways to reduce electricity use:
Use ___________________ technologies, which _________ the electricity needed to do a job.
Energy Efficient
Lessen

68. Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity
Ways to reduce electricity use:
________________ of electrical devices and appliances.
Ex. _________________ when not in use
Reduce the use
Turn off the lights

69. Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Mitigation: Use and Production of Electricity
Alternative
_____________ Sources of Electricity – produce energy without _______________
__________ power
________ power
_______ power
_______________ power
______________ power
Fossil fuels
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Hydroelectric
Geothermal

70. Mitigation: Transportation
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Mitigation: Transportation
Transportation
2nd
________________ is the _____ largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States
Alternatives to fuel-only cars include:
Gasoline-electric __________ vehicles
Vehicles that use alternative fuels such as compressed ____________________
Vehicles that use _________________________.
Hybrid
Natural Gas
Hydrogen Fuel Cells

71. Energy Loss in a Car

72. Mitigation: Transportation
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Mitigation: Transportation
Biking, Walking
___________________, and using public transportation are all ways to reduce fossil fuel use.
Many communities lack good _________________________.
Public Transportation

73. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Agriculture / forestry:
Since soil and trees both take in CO2:
1) _____________________
2) ______________________
Reduce Soil Erosion
Replace Cut Trees

74. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Cap-and-Trade:
System of __________________________ that can be sold or traded
Gives companies incentive to ______________________
Only works well if the cap is progressively ____________
Emission Allowances
Reduce Emissions
Lowered

75. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Carbon tax
A _____________________________ on emissions
The downside is that most companies simply pass the cost down to _______________
Government tax per unit
consumers

76. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Carbon offsets
Instead of directly reducing emissions, companies (or individuals) can make a ______________________ to a group that _____________________________________.
Ex. Pay someone to plant a tree when you take a plane trip
Voluntary payment
Reduces or curbs greenhouse emissions

77. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Carbon sequestration
Technology is used to __________________ carbon dioxide emissions.
Trap and store

78. Cooperation Among Nations
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Cooperation Among Nations
Kyoto Protocol
The ___________________ is a binding international effort to reduce greenhouse gases to below _________________.
The _____________ sign the Kyoto Protocol.
Many nations are planning to develop a new binding agreement to address global climate change some time in the future.
1990 Levels
US did not

79. CO2 Emissions by Country

80. China & US Announcement on Climate Change
November

81. China & US Announcement on Climate Change
This most recent announcement includes the following:
•    The United States pledges to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions ____________________________ by 2025 and will try for 28 percent.
•    China pledges to have its carbon dioxide emissions _____________________ and will try to accomplish this earlier – it will also strive to meet ____________ of primary energy demand through zero-carbon sources. 
The present agreement is _______________ but both countries agree to have binding components in an international agreement
26% below 2005 levels
Peak around 2030
20 percent
Non-binding