1. Global Climate Change 16
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Rising Seas May Flood the Maldive Islands
Sea levels are rising worldwide.
Scientists link this to global climate change.
Global climate change threatens the Maldives, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, with flooding, severe storms, erosion, and saltwater contamination.
Talk About It Why are rising sea levels a concern for all people, not just those who live on the Maldives Islands?

3. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be too cold to support life.

4. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Greenhouse Effect
A natural process in which greenhouse gases absorb heat and release it slowly back into the atmosphere
Greenhouse gases do not trap energy that has been converted to heat at Earth’s surface.
Did You Know? Greenhouse gases absorb heat and release it slowly, while an actual greenhouse traps warm air inside a structure.

5. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Effect of Latitude
Latitude is a measure of a place’s distance from the equator.
In general, the greater the latitude, the cooler a location’s overall climate will be.
The seasons are also caused by the changing angles at which sunlight strikes Earth.

6. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Wind
Caused by convection currents resulting from rising warm air and falling cool air
Transports moisture and heat
Global wind patterns move warm air away from equator, toward poles.
Cold air moves from poles toward equator.
Winds pick up moisture and can carry it for long distances until it falls as precipitation.

7. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
The Oceans and Climate
Ocean currents, which are caused by a combination of unequal heating of water and unequal salinity, affect climate by transporting heat.
El Niño and La Niña are disruptions to normal climate patterns caused by variations in the typical interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:
Did You Know? The ocean absorbs a lot of carbon dioxide, causing a global cooling effect. The ocean can hold 50 times more CO2 than is found in the atmosphere.

8. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Affect Climate
Topography: Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures; mountain ranges affect rainfall patterns.
Volcanoes: Gases and particles can temporarily block sunlight, causing air to cool.
Vegetation: Plant life promotes cloud formation and absorbs carbon dioxide.
Earth’s orbit: Changes in Earth’s orbit and the tilt of Earth’s axis affect the distribution of solar radiation.
Mount St. Helens
Did You Know? Ice ages are at least partially caused by changes in Earth’s orbit and axis.

9. Lesson Climate Change
According to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2009 tied for second warmest year on record, just behind The decade spanning 2000–2009 was the warmest on record.

10. Evidence of a Warming Earth
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Evidence of a Warming Earth
Rising global surface temperatures
Changes in precipitation patterns
Melting ice (glaciers, polar ice)
Rising sea level
Did You Know? Since 1986, the Larsen Ice Shelf near Antarctica has lost an area more than 3 times the size of Rhode Island.
Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montana’s Glacier National Park. Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008

11. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
Direct measurement is used to study today’s climate.
Proxy indicators, such as patterns in tree rings, give clues about past climates.
Models are used to make predictions about future climates.
Cross-section of a tree trunk

12. Composition notebooks Lab with graph
Please take out…..
Composition notebooks
Lab with graph

13. Earwax From Whales Keeps Record of Ocean Contaminants
Monday, November 16, 2015
Earwax From Whales Keeps Record of Ocean Contaminants
How long was the ear wax sample?
Where do scientists typically find contaminants in whales?
Why is analyzing whale ear wax more useful than other samples from whales?
When did the whale receive a significant amount of contaminants?
What type of evidence for water pollution is whale ear wax?

14. Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Finding the Cause of Climate Change
According to studies, increases in greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate change.
The increase in greenhouse gases is mainly due to burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use.

15. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
In 2003, a severe heat wave in Europe killed 35,000 people.
As the atmosphere warms, ecosystems on land and in the ocean are changing, affecting organisms in various ways.

16. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Shifting Habitats
As ecosystems become warmer, locations in which organisms (plants and animals) live are changing
Habitats shift, usually toward the poles or to higher altitudes – cooler locations
Rainbow-billed toucans like the one shown here normally are confined to lower elevations in Costa Rica, but global warming is allowing them to colonize mountain forests, where they compete with resident birds for food and nesting holes, and prey on their eggs and nestlings. (Credit: Cagan Sekercioglu, University of Utah)

17. Changing Migration Times
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Changing Migration Times
Birds migrate in the spring and fall
Fall: travel to warmer climate, food plentiful
Spring: fly back to summer habitat
Migrations start earlier in the spring – since winter habitat is warmer earlier
Robins in CO – arrive two weeks early, snow still around, can’t feed until snow melts
Migrating sandhill cranes
Did You Know? Robins arrive on a Colorado mountaintop about 2 weeks earlier than they did in 1970.

18. Problems Obtaining Food
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Problems Obtaining Food
Ice melting earlier and freezing later
Loss of ice makes hunting seals difficult for polar bears
Exhausted from swimming, starve to death

19. Effects of a Changing Ocean
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects of a Changing Ocean
OCEAN WARMING
Coral reefs are important:
habitat for marine animals
protect beaches from waves
support tourism industry
An increase in ocean temperature is associated with a process called coral bleaching, in which algae living within corals die. Without the algae, coral cannot survive.
The color of healthy brain coral comes from algae. When the algae die, coral bleaching occurs.

20. Effects of a Changing Ocean
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects of a Changing Ocean
OCEAN ACIDITY
More carbon dioxide being absorbed by ocean
When CO2 dissolves in water, carbonic acid is formed and the acidity of the ocean increases
High acidity harms oceanic organisms and makes it difficult for coral to build protective covering

21. The Future of Ecosystems
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
The Future of Ecosystems
Complex and hard to predict
Increase in CO2 may increase vegetation initially, but if droughts and fires increase, plants may decrease
Migration patterns of animals may change
Extinction of species may occur

22. Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Agriculture and forestry: Effects are complex.
Can be positive:
Lengthened growing season for some crops (crops that do well in heat)
Can be negative:
Droughts (reduce crop yields)
Forest fires – forestry industry damaged – extensive fires – warmer, longer, drier fire seasons
Sweet potatoes thrive in warm climates.

23. Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Economic Effects
Agriculture and forestry yields decrease – industry not doing well
Storms cause enormous damage – loss of tourism
Homeowners, taxpayers, and utility customers have to pay for repairs due to storm damage
Damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, in 2005

24. Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Health Effects
Extreme heat waves increasingly common
Extreme heat can cause heat exhaustion and stroke – can result in death

25. Future Effects of Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Future Effects of Climate Change
Diseases
Ranges of animals that transmit diseases may expand with warming
Lyme disease – transmitted to humans by tick bites – spreading from the south to the north as temperatures increase
Black-legged ticks, known to spread Lyme disease

26. Future Effects of Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Future Effects of Climate Change
Sea levels
Oceans warming, polar ice melting = sea levels rising
Coastal areas need to be concerned that their land will be under water
Need to think about new places to live as sea levels rise
Did You Know? In the United States, 53% of the population lives in coastal areas.
Potential Effect of Rising Sea Level on Florida

27. Future Effects of Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Future Effects of Climate Change
Water supply: freshwater threatened
Saltwater contamination of aquifers resulting from rising sea levels
Glaciers help supply people with freshwater from meltwater – if they melt too quickly, they disappear (this water supply gone!)
Dams on rivers generate electricity – if the water levels drop, people would need to obtain electricity in another way

28. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Fossil fuel combustion generates 70% of the electricity used in the United States.
Energy conserving light bulbs

29. Two Basic Ways to Respond
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Two Basic Ways to Respond
Adaption: protecting people from the effects of global warming
In Maldives, a sea wall was built to protect roads and buildings from storms
Mitigation: the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something - addresses the causes of global warming
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to lessen the severity of future climate change - improving energy efficiency and preventing deforestation

31. Use and Production of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Use and Production of Electricity
Carbon footprint: The amount of carbon dioxide for which an individual or group is responsible
Largest Source of US greenhouse gases
Fossil fuel combustion generates 70% of electricity in US
Reducing electricity use reduces carbon footprints

33. Efficiency and Conservation
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Efficiency and Conservation
Efficiency: Using energy effectively – accomplishing a job using as little energy as possible
Ex: high efficiency light bulbs (reduce energy use by 75%)
Energy Star Program: solutions and programs that rate the efficiency of appliances
EnergyGuide labels: give consumers info about the energy efficiency of appliances
Conservation: reducing energy use
Use energy-efficient technologies, which lessen the electricity needed to do a job.
Reduce the use of electrical devices and appliances.

36. Alternate Sources of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Alternate Sources of Electricity
Alternative Sources of Electricity – produce electricity without using fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gases
Nuclear power
Solar power
Wind power
Hydroelectric power
Geothermal power
Wind turbines

38. Advances in Vehicle Technology
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Advances in Vehicle Technology
Transportation is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, second only to electricity.
Most cars are not efficient:
Only 14% goes to moving the car forward
Energy Loss in a Car

40. Advances in Vehicle Technology
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Advances in Vehicle Technology
Government regulation and consumer demand will be necessary for improved vehicle fuel efficiency in the US
Alternatives to fuel-only cars include:
Gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles
Vehicles that use alternative fuels such as compressed natural gas
Vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells.

42. Driving Less and Using Public Transport
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Driving Less and Using Public Transport
Biking, walking, and using public transportation are all ways to reduce dependence on cars (also reduce fuel consumption and pollution).
Many communities lack good public transportation.
Did You Know? The average American family makes 10 trips by car each day.

44. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Agriculture / forestry: Reduce soil erosion and replace cut trees, to curb CO2 emissions
Cap-and-Trade: System of emission allowances that can be sold or traded, gives companies incentive to reduce emissions
Found to be ineffective
Carbon tax: A tax per unit on emissions
Used by European nations
Downside: polluters usually pass cost along to customer by charging more money

46. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Carbon offsets: Instead of directly reducing emissions, companies can make a voluntary payment to a group that reduces or curbs greenhouse gases.
More buyers than sellers
Ex: airline passenger wants to pay a program to plant trees to offset the emissions from the flight they took
Carbon sequestration: Technology is used to trap and store carbon dioxide emissions.
Stored underground – may leak

48. Cooperation Among Nations
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Cooperation Among Nations
The Kyoto Protocol is a binding international effort to reduce greenhouse gases to below 1990 levels.
The United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol.
Thought it was unfair, different requirements for developing nations like China and India

50. Cooperation Among Nations
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Cooperation Among Nations
Many nations are planning to develop a new binding agreement to address global climate change some time in the future.
Copenhagen Accord