1. I- Our Dynamic Climate Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be too cold to support life.

2. A-The Greenhouse Effect 1)A natural process in which greenhouse gases absorb heat and release it slowly back into the atmosphere

3. B- The Effect of Latitude 1)Latitude is a measure of a place’s distance from the equator. 2)In general, the greater the latitude, the cooler the overall climate. 3)The seasons are caused by the changing angles at which sunlight strikes Earth.

4. C- Wind 1)Caused by convection currents resulting from rising warm air and falling cool air 2)Transports moisture and heat 3)Global wind patterns move warm air away from equator, toward poles. 4)Cold air moves from poles toward equator. 5)Winds pick up moisture and can carry it for long distances until it falls as precipitation. 1)Caused by convection currents resulting from rising warm air and falling cool air 2)Transports moisture and heat 3)Global wind patterns move warm air away from equator, toward poles. 4)Cold air moves from poles toward equator. 5)Winds pick up moisture and can carry it for long distances until it falls as precipitation.

5. D- The Oceans and Climate 1)Ocean currents, are caused by a combination of unequal heating of water and unequal salinity, affect climate by transporting heat. 2)El Niño and La Niña are disruptions to normal climate patterns.. 3)La Niña cooling of the water in the equatorial Pacific 4)El Niño warming of the water in the equatorial Pacific 1)Ocean currents, are caused by a combination of unequal heating of water and unequal salinity, affect climate by transporting heat. 2)El Niño and La Niña are disruptions to normal climate patterns.. 3)La Niña cooling of the water in the equatorial Pacific 4)El Niño warming of the water in the equatorial Pacific

6. E- Other Factors That Affect Climate 1)Topography: Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures; mountain ranges affect rainfall patterns. 2)Volcanoes: Gases and particles can temporarily block sunlight, causing air to cool. 3)Vegetation: Plant life promotes cloud formation and absorbs carbon dioxide. 4)Earth’s orbit: Changes in Earth’s orbit and the tilt of Earth’s axis affect the distribution of solar radiation. Mount St. Helens

7. II- Climate Change According to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2009 tied for second warmest year on record, just behind 2005. The decade spanning 2000–2009 was the warmest on record.

8. A- Evidence of a Warming Earth 1)Rising global surface temperatures 2)Changes in precipitation patterns (glaciers, polar ice) 3)Melting ice (glaciers, polar ice) 4)Rising sea level 1)Rising global surface temperatures 2)Changes in precipitation patterns (glaciers, polar ice) 3)Melting ice (glaciers, polar ice) 4)Rising sea level Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montana’s Glacier National Park. 1913 2008

9. B- Studying Climate Change 1)Direct measurement. 2)Proxy indicators, such as patterns in tree rings, give clues about past climates. 3)Models are used to make predictions about future climates. 4)A tree ring consists of two layers: A light colored layer which grows in the spring A dark colored layer which forms in late summer 1)Direct measurement. 2)Proxy indicators, such as patterns in tree rings, give clues about past climates. 3)Models are used to make predictions about future climates. 4)A tree ring consists of two layers: A light colored layer which grows in the spring A dark colored layer which forms in late summer Cross-section of a tree trunk

10. Tree ring data is only collected outside of the tropics. Trees in temperate latitudes have annual spurts of growth in the summer and periods of dormancy in the winter, which creates the distinctive pattern of light and dark bands. Tropical trees grow year-round, and thus do not have the alternating dark and light band pattern that allows us to read tree ring records.

11. III- Finding the Cause of Climate Change A.Increases in greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate change. 1.Due mainly to burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use. A.Increases in greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate change. 1.Due mainly to burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use.

12. A- Effects on Organisms: As ecosystems become warmer 1)Habitats shift, usually toward the poles or to higher altitudes. 2)Migrations start earlier in the spring. 3)Loss of ice makes hunting seals difficult for polar bears. III- Effects of Climate Change

13. B- Effects of a Changing Ocean 1)An increase in ocean temperature is associated with a process called coral bleaching, algae living in corals die. Without the algae, coral cannot survive. 2)Changes in ocean acidity, resulting from an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide, can harm organisms. 1)An increase in ocean temperature is associated with a process called coral bleaching, algae living in corals die. Without the algae, coral cannot survive. 2)Changes in ocean acidity, resulting from an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide, can harm organisms. The color of healthy brain coral comes from algae. When the algae die, coral bleaching occurs.

14. C- Current Effects of Global Climate Change 1)Agriculture and Forestry: Can be positive: Lengthened growing season for some crops Can be negative: Droughts and forest fires 2)Economy: Decreased yields; increased property damage due to severe storms. 3)Human Health: Extreme heat waves increasingly common, can cause heat stroke and death 1)Agriculture and Forestry: Can be positive: Lengthened growing season for some crops Can be negative: Droughts and forest fires 2)Economy: Decreased yields; increased property damage due to severe storms. 3)Human Health: Extreme heat waves increasingly common, can cause heat stroke and death

15. D- Future Effects of Climate Change 1)Diseases: Warmer temperatures can promote spread of diseases transmitted from animals to people. 2)Sea level: Low-lying populated coastal areas may flood as sea levels rise. 3)Water supply: Saltwater contamination of aquifers resulting from rising sea levels and a decrease in glacial ice may threaten freshwater supplies. 1)Diseases: Warmer temperatures can promote spread of diseases transmitted from animals to people. 2)Sea level: Low-lying populated coastal areas may flood as sea levels rise. 3)Water supply: Saltwater contamination of aquifers resulting from rising sea levels and a decrease in glacial ice may threaten freshwater supplies. Did You Know? In the United States, 53% of the population lives in coastal areas. Black-legged ticks, known to spread Lyme disease

16. A- Use and Production of Electricity 1)Carbon Footprint: The amount of carbon dioxide for which an individual or group is responsible 2)Most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels. 3)Reducing electricity use reduces carbon footprints. 4)Ways to reduce electricity use: Use energy-efficient technologies, which lessen the electricity needed to do a job. Reduce the use of electrical devices and appliances. 1)Carbon Footprint: The amount of carbon dioxide for which an individual or group is responsible 2)Most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels. 3)Reducing electricity use reduces carbon footprints. 4)Ways to reduce electricity use: Use energy-efficient technologies, which lessen the electricity needed to do a job. Reduce the use of electrical devices and appliances. IV- Responding to Climate Change IV- Responding to Climate Change

17. B- Alternate Sources of Electricity 1)Alternative Sources of Electricity 2)Nuclear power 3)Solar power 4)Wind power 5)Hydroelectric power 6)Geothermal power 1)Alternative Sources of Electricity 2)Nuclear power 3)Solar power 4)Wind power 5)Hydroelectric power 6)Geothermal power

18. 1)Transportation is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, second only to electricity. C-Advances in Vehicle Technology Energy Loss in a Car 2)Alternatives to fuel- only cars include: Gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles Vehicles that use alternative fuels such as compressed natural gas Vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells.

19. D- Reducing Dependence on Cars 1)Biking, walking, and using public transportation are all ways to reduce fossil fuel use. 2)Many communities lack good public transportation. 1)Biking, walking, and using public transportation are all ways to reduce fossil fuel use. 2)Many communities lack good public transportation.

20. E- Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases 1)Agriculture / Forestry: Reduce soil erosion and replace cut trees, to curb CO 2 emissions 2)Cap-and-Trade: System of emission allowances that can be sold or traded, gives companies incentive to reduce emissions 3)Carbon Tax: A tax per unit on emissions 4)Carbon Offsets: Instead of directly reducing emissions, companies can make a voluntary payment to a group that reduces or curbs greenhouse gases. 5)Carbon Sequestration: Technology is used to trap and store carbon dioxide emissions. 1)Agriculture / Forestry: Reduce soil erosion and replace cut trees, to curb CO 2 emissions 2)Cap-and-Trade: System of emission allowances that can be sold or traded, gives companies incentive to reduce emissions 3)Carbon Tax: A tax per unit on emissions 4)Carbon Offsets: Instead of directly reducing emissions, companies can make a voluntary payment to a group that reduces or curbs greenhouse gases. 5)Carbon Sequestration: Technology is used to trap and store carbon dioxide emissions.

21. F- Cooperation Among Nations 1)The Kyoto Protocol is a binding international effort to reduce greenhouse gases to below 1990 levels. 2)The United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol. 3)Many nations are planning to develop a new binding agreement to address global climate change some time in the future. 1)The Kyoto Protocol is a binding international effort to reduce greenhouse gases to below 1990 levels. 2)The United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol. 3)Many nations are planning to develop a new binding agreement to address global climate change some time in the future.