1. Global Climate Change 16
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Rising Seas May Flood the Maldive Islands
Sea levels are rising worldwide.
Scientists link this to global climate change.
Global climate change threatens the Maldives, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, with flooding, severe storms, erosion, and saltwater contamination.
Talk About It Why are rising sea levels a concern for all people, not just those who live on the Maldives Islands?

3. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be too cold to support life.
What is the difference between climate and weather?

4. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate -- Objectives
Describe factors that affect how the sun warms the Earth
Discuss the role of wind patterns in determining climate
Explain how the oceans affect climate
Describe how climate is affected by topography, volcanoes, regional vegetation, and periodic changes in Earth’s orbit
Vocabulary: greenhouse effect greenhouse gas
thermohaline ciruclation
El Nino topography

5. a) The Greenhouse Effect
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Three factors have more influence on Earth’s climate than all others… 1) The Sun causes…
a) The Greenhouse Effect
A natural process in which greenhouse gases absorb heat and release it slowly back into the atmosphere
Greenhouse gases do not trap* energy that has been converted to heat at Earth’s surface.
* Did You Know? Greenhouse gases absorb heat and release it slowly, while an actual greenhouse traps warm air inside a structure.
* instead the heat is released slowly, acting more like a blanket than a greenhouse

6. b) The Effect of Latitude on heating the earth
Three factors have more influence on Earth’s climate than all others… 1) The Sun causes…
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
b) The Effect of Latitude on heating the earth
Latitude is a measure of a place’s distance from the equator.
In general, the greater the latitude, the cooler a location’s overall climate will be.
The seasons are also caused by the changing angles at which sunlight strikes Earth.

7. c) The Effect of Sunspot Cycle on heating the earth
Three factors have more influence on Earth’s climate than all others… 1) The Sun causes…
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
c) The Effect of Sunspot Cycle on heating the earth
The more sunspots there are on the sun’s surface, the more energy it emits.
11 year cycle
Probably not a major nor long-term effect on climate

8. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
POP QUIZ: Use your notes to describe factors that affect how the sun warms the Earth

9. Three factors have more influence on Earth’s climate than all others…
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
2) Wind
Caused by convection currents resulting from rising warm air and falling cool air
Transports moisture and heat
Global wind patterns move warm air away from equator, toward poles.
Cold air moves from poles toward equator.
Winds pick up moisture and can carry it for long distances until it falls as precipitation.

10. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Three factors have more influence on Earth’s climate than all others…
3) The Oceans
Ocean currents, which are caused by a combination of unequal heating of water and unequal salinity*, affect climate by transporting heat.
El Niño and La Niña are disruptions to normal climate patterns caused by variations in the typical interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Image - (Creative Commons licensed)
Geyser info source - National Park Service:
Did You Know? The ocean absorbs a lot of carbon dioxide, causing a global cooling effect. The ocean can hold 50 times more CO2 than is found in the atmosphere.
* = thermohaline

11. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Affect Climate
1 Topography: Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures; mountain ranges affect rainfall patterns.

12. Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Other Factors That Affect Climate
2 Volcanoes: Gases and particles can temporarily block sunlight, causing air to cool.
3 Vegetation: Plant life promotes cloud formation and absorbs carbon dioxide.
4 Earth’s orbit: Changes in Earth’s orbit and the tilt of Earth’s axis affect the distribution of solar radiation.
Did You Know? Ice ages are at least partially caused by changes in Earth’s orbit and axis.
Mount St. Helens

13. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate – Recap
Discuss with your tablemate and find evidence from your textbook to support these statements:
Lesson 1 = The oceans influence Earth’s climate
Central Case = Earth’s climates influences the oceans
Be ready to share

14. Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate – Recap
Describe factors that affect how the sun warms the Earth
Discuss the role of wind patterns in determining climate
Explain how the oceans affect climate
Describe how climate is affected by topography, volcanoes, regional vegetation, and periodic changes in Earth’s orbit
Vocabulary: greenhouse effect greenhouse gas
thermohaline circulation
El Nino topography

15. Lesson Climate Change
According to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 2009 tied for second warmest year on record, just behind The decade spanning 2000–2009 was the warmest on record.
Global climate change even made the morning the TV shows

16. Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Objectives
Identify evidence of global warming.
Explain three methods used to study climate change.
State the probable cause of global climate change.
Vocab: global climate change global warming
proxy indicator climate model
fossil fuel

17. Evidence of a Warming Earth
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Evidence of a Warming Earth
Rising global surface temperatures
Changes in precipitation patterns
Melting ice (glaciers, polar ice)
Rising sea level (Maldives)
0.74ºC (1.33ºF) from
complex
1850—150; 2012—26
Warm water expands, melting ice adds water
Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montana’s Glacier National Park. Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008
Did You Know? Since 1986, the Larsen Ice Shelf near Antarctica has lost an area more than 3 times the size of Rhode Island.

18. Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montana’s Glacier National Park.
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Both photos show Sperry Glacier in Montana’s Glacier National Park.
Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008
Did You Know? Since 1986, the Larsen Ice Shelf near Antarctica has lost an area more than 3 times the size of Rhode Island.

19. Maldives Islands

20. Studying Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Studying Climate Change
Direct measurement is used to study today’s climate.
Proxy indicators, such as patterns in tree rings, give clues about past climates.
Models are used to make predictions about future climates.
Cross-section of a tree trunk
Proxies = ice, pollen in sediments, tree rings
Complex, like the global climate – atmosphere and ocean

21. Finding the Cause of Climate Change
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
According to studies, increases in greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate change.
The increase in greenhouse gases is mainly due to burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use (cutting forests)
Charles Keeling, Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
1958 = 315 ppm CO2
2009 = 387 ppm CO2
May, 2013 = 400 ppm CO2

22. Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Recap
Working with your tablemate, use your textbook and find the answers to these questions:
Give 2 reasons why increasing temperatures cause sea levels to rise
How can this affect the Maldives Islands of the Central Case?

23. Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Recap
Identify evidence of global warming.
Explain three methods used to study climate change.
State the probable cause of global climate change.
Vocab: global climate change global warming
proxy indicator climate model
fossil fuel

24. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
In 2003, a severe heat wave in Europe killed 35,000 people.

25. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Objectives
State ways in which the warming atmosphere affects ecosystems and organisms.
Explain how climate change is affecting people now.
Predict future effects of climate change on people.
Vocabulary: coral bleaching

26. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Complete this scatter chart
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Ch 16-3
detail
example
detail
Effects of Climate Change on Living Things
example
example
detail
example
example
detail
detail

27. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects on Organisms
Habitats shift, usually toward the poles or to higher altitudes.
Migrations start earlier in the spring.
Problems Obtaining Food
Loss of ice makes hunting seals difficult for polar bears.
Did You Know? Robins arrive on a Colorado mountaintop about 2 weeks earlier than they did in 1970.
Migrating sandhill cranes

28. Effects of a Changing Ocean
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Effects of a Changing Ocean
An increase in ocean temperature is associated with a process called coral bleaching, in which zooxanthellae algae living within corals die. Without the algae, coral cannot survive.
Changes in ocean acidity, resulting from an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide, can harm organisms.
The color of healthy brain coral comes from algae. When the algae die, as above, coral bleaching occurs.
H2O + CO H2CO3
Carbonic acid; increases acidity; lower pH;

29. pH Scale H2O + CO2 H2CO3 Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Carbonic acid; increases acidity; lower pH;

30. Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Agriculture and forestry: Effects are complex.
Can be positive: Lengthened growing season for some crops
Can be negative: Droughts and forest fires; shortened growing season
Economy: Decreased yields; increased property damage due to severe storms and climate conditions
Human health: Extreme heat waves increasingly common, can cause heat stroke and death
Damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, in 2005

31. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Pictures from SuperStorm Sandy, 2010 (property damage due to severe storms)

33. Future Effects of Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Future Effects of Climate Change
Diseases: Warmer temperatures can promote spread of diseases transmitted from animals to people.
Sea level: Low-lying populated coastal areas may flood as sea levels rise.
Water supply: Saltwater contamination of aquifers resulting from rising sea levels and a decrease in glacial ice may threaten freshwater supplies.
Black-legged ticks, known to spread Lyme disease
Did You Know? In the United States, 53% of the population lives in coastal areas.

34. link

35. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Complete this scatter chart
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Polar bears, migrating birds
Shifting habitats
Problems obtaining food
Affects corals & other ocean organisms
CA Lilac
Effects of Climate Change on Living Things
Ocean acidity
Robins
Changes in migration times
Coral bleaching
Warmer ocean temperature

36. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Working with your tablemate, use your textbook to answer these questions:
Give detailed examples of the effects of climate change on the Maldives
What is predicted to be the future impact of climate change on the Maldives?

37. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
answers:
> flooding
> severity of storms
>damage to reefs (protection and food)
>threats to drinking water supply (salt water incursion)
Future = uninhabitable

38. Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
State ways in which the warming atmosphere affects ecosystems and organisms.
Explain how climate change is affecting people now.
Predict future effects of climate change on people.
Vocabulary: coral bleaching

39. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Fossil fuel combustion generates 70% of the electricity used in the United States.
Energy conserving light bulbs

40. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Objectives
List ways to reduce greenhouse gases related to the use and generation electricity.
Describe some of the ways of reducing greenhouse gases related to transportation
Describe other strategies for reducing greenhouse gases.
Explain how nations are working together to try to address climate change
Vocab: carbon footprint carbon tax
carbon offset carbon sequestration
Kyoto Protocol
Energy conserving light bulbs

41. Use and Production of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Use and Production of Electricity
Carbon footprint: The amount of carbon dioxide for which an individual or group is responsible
Most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels.
Reducing electricity use reduces carbon footprints.
Ways to reduce electricity use:
Use energy-efficient technologies, which lessen the electricity needed to do a job.
Reduce the use of electrical devices and appliances.

42. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change

43. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change

44. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change

45. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Your footprint is 9.68 metric tons per year
The average footprint for people in United States is metric tons
The average for the industrial nations is about 11 metric tons
The average worldwide carbon footprint is about 4 metric tons
The worldwide target to combat climate change is 2 metric tons

46. Alternate Sources of Electricity
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Alternate Sources of Electricity
Alternative Sources of Electricity
Nuclear power
Solar power
Wind power
Hydroelectric power
Geothermal power
Wind turbines

47. Advances in Vehicle Technology
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Advances in Vehicle Technology
Transportation is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, second only to electricity.
Alternatives to fuel-only cars include:
Gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles
Vehicles that use alternative fuels such as compressed natural gas
Vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells.
Energy Loss in a Car

48. Reducing Dependence on Cars
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Reducing Dependence on Cars
Biking, walking, and using public transportation are all ways to reduce fossil fuel use.
Many communities lack good public transportation.
Did You Know? The average American family makes 10 trips by car each day.

49. Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
Agriculture / forestry: Reduce soil erosion and replace cut trees, to curb CO2 emissions
Cap-and-Trade: System of emission allowances that can be sold or traded, gives companies incentive to reduce emissions
Carbon tax: A tax per unit on emissions
Carbon offsets: Instead of directly reducing emissions, companies can make a voluntary payment to a group that reduces or curbs greenhouse gases.
Carbon sequestration: Technology is used to trap and store carbon dioxide emissions.

50. Cooperation Among Nations
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Cooperation Among Nations
The Kyoto Protocol is a binding international effort to reduce greenhouse gases to below levels.
The United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol.
Many nations are planning to develop a new binding agreement to address global climate change some time in the future.
The Kyoto Protocol required developed nations to reduce emissions but did not require the same of developing nations, such as China and India, because industrialized nations created the current greenhouse gas problem so we should take the lead in solving it. What do you think of this?

51. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
How might these groups respond to global climate change?
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
Individual
Corporations
Governments
Energy conserving light bulbs

52. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
How might these groups respond to global climate change?
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
Individual
ride bike
energy conservation at home
fuel efficient car
Corporations
improve energy efficiency
better farming practices
Cap & Trade
Governments
improve public transportation
legislation (carbon tax)
Energy conserving light bulbs

53. Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
List ways to reduce greenhouse gases related to the use and generation electricity.
Describe some of the ways of reducing greenhouse gases related to transportation
Describe other strategies for reducing greenhouse gases.
Explain how nations are working together to try to address climate change
Vocab: carbon footprint carbon tax
carbon offset carbon sequestration
Kyoto Protocol
Energy conserving light bulbs

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