1. Cardiovascular, Immune, and Lymphatic Systems and Blood
Chapter 10
Cardiovascular, Immune, and Lymphatic Systems and Blood
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2. Chapter 10
Lesson 10.1
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10-2

3. Objectives
Identify organs and structures of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood; and the function of the immune system.
Define and spell the word parts related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.
Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and blood.
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4. Function of the Cardiovascular System
Pumps and transports blood throughout the body. It consists of the heart and a closed network of blood vessels made up of arteries, capillaries and vein. The heart pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients to body tissues through the arteries. The exchange of gases, nutrients and waste between the blood and body tissue takes place in the capillaries. The blood carrying carbon dioxide and waste is carried from the tissues through veins to organs of excretion.
What structures comprise the cardiovascular system?
How does the cardiovascular system work in conjunction with the respiratory system studied earlier in this text?
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5. Interior of the Heart
Have the students note the various structures of the heart and their names.
Which of the listed terms are combining forms?
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6. Types of Blood Vessels
Do veins branch out from arteries, or are they separate?
What is the function of the capillaries?
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7. Cardiovascular System
heart: muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a closed fist, located behind the breast bone and between the lungs. The pumping action circulates blood throughout the body.
upper chambers: right and left atria
lower chambers: right and left ventricles
Why is the heart referred to as a muscular organ?
Where is another septum in the body? (nose)
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8. Cardiovascular System (cont’d.)
tricuspid valve: located between right atrium and right ventricle
mitral valve: located between the left atrium and left ventricle
pericardium: two layer sac which facilitates movement of the heart
myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer
endocardium: inner lining of the heart
Why do all the layers of the heart contain the suffix -cardium?
What are the layers of the heart?
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9. Cardiovascular System (cont’d.)
blood vessels: tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
arteries: carry blood containing oxygen & other nutrients away from the heart to the body cells except for the pulmonary artery, which carries carbon dioxide and other waste products to the lungs
arterioles: smallest arteries
aorta: largest artery in the body
What is the word root for arteries and arterioles?
To what does the word root pulm/o refer?
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10. Cardiovascular System (cont’d.)
veins: carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the heart except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
venules: smallest veins in the body
venae cavae: largest veins in the body
capillaries: connect arterioles with venules; exchange of gases takes place in capillaries
Do veins carry blood away from the heart or to the heart?
What is the origin of the term venae cavae?
Since veins don’t have a “pump” behind them (the heart), what structural difference (from arteries) allows the veins to maintain the one-way flow?
The lymph system also relies on valves to keep the flow of fluid going in one direction.
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11. Function of Blood
Maintains internal balance in the body. Activities of the blood include transportation such as transporting nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones, protection provided by certain cells that protect the body against microorganisms and regulation by controlling temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.
What is the function of blood?
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12. Blood plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended
cells: formed elements
erythrocytes: red blood cells that carry oxygen
leukocytes: white blood cells that combat infection
thrombocytes (platelets): responsible for aiding in the clotting process
What is the name of a disease referring to excessive white blood cells?
Is coagulation a combining form?
What word parts make up the terms erythrocyte and leukocyte?
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13. Function of the Lymphatic System
Returns excessive tissue fluid to the blood
Absorbs fats and fats soluble vitamins from the small intestine and transports them to the blood. Provides defense against infection
Lymphatic vessels . . . . similar to veins, lymphatic vessels transport lymph from body tissues to the chest where it enters the cardiovascular system.
What does the word root lymph mean?
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14. Lymphatic System
Note the distribution of the lymphatic system throughout the body.
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15. Lymphatic System (cont’d.)
lymph: transparent, colorless, tissue fluid
lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made up of lymphoid tissue; act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood
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16. Lymphatic System (cont’d.)
spleen: located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm; largest lymphatic organ in the body
thymus gland: located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs; plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system
Most people do not know that the spleen is actually a lymph organ.
Where does the old expression “vent your spleen” come from?
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17. Function of the Immune System
protects the body against pathogens (bacteria fungus, and viruses) foreign agents that cause allergic reactions (peanuts) or toxins (insect bites), and abnormal body cells (cancer).
has three lines of defense; the first is the prevention of foreign substances from entering the body. Unbroken skin and mucous membranes act as mechanical barriers. Ear wax and saliva act as chemical barriers.
How do bacteria, fungi, and viruses differ?
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18. Three lines of defense…
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19. Combining Forms of the Cardiovascular Immune, and Lymphatic Systems and Blood
angi/o
aort/o
arteri/o
atri/o
cardi/o
lymphaden/o
lymph/o
myel/o
phleb/o
plasm/o
What does the combining form angi/o mean?
What is the combining form for “vein”?
What is the other combining form for “vein”?
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20. splen/o thym/o valv/o, valvul/o ven/o ventricul/o
Combining Forms of the Immune, Cardiovascular, and Lymphatic Systems (cont’d.)
splen/o
thym/o
valv/o, valvul/o
ven/o
ventricul/o
Ventricle is derived from Latin venter, meaning “little belly.”
What does the combining form thym/o mean?
What is the combining form for “ventricle”?
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21. Combining Forms Used with Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
ather/o
ech/o
electr/o
isch/o
therm/o
thromb/o
What does the combining form ather/o mean?
What is the combining form for a “deficiency” or “blockage”?
What is the combining form for “clot”?
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22. Prefix brady- What does the prefix brady- mean?
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23. Suffixes -ac -apheresis -graph -dynia -penia -poiesis -sclerosis
What does the suffix -apheresis mean?
What is the suffix for “pain”? What is another suffix for “pain”?
What does the suffix -poiesis mean?
What is the suffix for “hardening”?
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24. Similar Suffixes Used in Diagnostic Terms
Suffix Meaning Chapter
-gram record, radiographic image
-graph instrument used to record; record
-graphy process of recording, radiographic
imaging
What are the differences among electrocardiograms, electrocardiographs, and electrocardiography
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25. Clicker Question Which of the following means vein? arteri/o phleb/o
valv/o
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26. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular System
angioma
angiostenosis
aortic stenosis
arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
bradycardia
cardiodynia
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27. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Cardiovascular System
cardiomegaly
cardiomyopathy
cardiovalvulitis
endocarditis
ischemia
myocarditis
pericarditis
phebitis
polyarteritis
tachycardia
thrombophlebitis
What does the term cardiomegaly mean?
What is the term for “inflammation of the heart valves”?
What might be the physical result of ischemia?
What is the term for “an inflammation of the heart muscle”?
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28. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Blood
hematoma
pancytopenia
thrombosis
thrombus
What does hematoma mean?
What is the medical term for “an abnormal reduction of all blood cells”?
An embolus can circulate in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a particular vessel. A thrombus is attached to a vessel’s interior wall; when it breaks away and enters the bloodstream, it becomes an embolus.
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29. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts
Lymphatic System
lymphadenitis
lymphadenopathy
lymphoma
splenomegaly
thymoma
Lymphadenopathy is associated with infection or malignancy.
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30. Clicker Question Which of the following is analyzed correctly?
cardi/o/dynia
cardi/odynia
card/i/odynia
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31. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular System
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
aneurysm
angina pectoris
arrhythmia
atrial fibrillation
cardiac arrest
cardiac tamponade
coarctation of the aorta
congenital heart disease
congestive heart failure (CHF)
coronary artery disease
coronary occlusion
Acute coronary syndrome is a general term used when a patient with symptoms of acute angina or myocardial infarction seeks emergent treatment.
Ancients believed angina pectoris was a disorder of the breast. The term is derived from the Latin angere, meaning “to choke,” and pectus, meaning “breast.”
Coronary is derived from the Latin coronalis, meaning “crown or wreath.” It is used to describe the arteries that circle the heart.
What is the term for an “obstruction of an artery of the heart”?
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32. Aortic Stenosis
This illustration shows a normal valve (top) and a valve with stenosis (bottom).
Have the class note how the valve has narrowed.
What would be the physical effect of aortic stenosis?
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33. Atrial Fibrillation
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34. Aneurysm
Have the class note the balloon-like appearance of the aneurysm.
What would be the physical symptoms of a coronary aneurysm?
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35. Coarctation of the Aorta
What is the most recognizable symptom of coarctation?
This is a congenital disorder. What does that mean?
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36. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (Cont’d.)
Cardiovascular system
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
intermittent claudication
mitral valve stenosis
myocardial infarction
peripheral arterial disease
rheumatic heart disease
varicose veins
Common symptoms of peripheral atheroscelosis is intermittent claudication.
What does rheumatic fever mean?
What is the term for a “heart attack,” and what does it really mean?
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37. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (Cont’d.)
Blood
anemia
embolus (pl. emboli)
hemophilia
leukemia
What does the term anemia mean? Name some types of anemia.
What is the plural form of embolus?
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38. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (con’t)
Lymphatic System
Hodgkin disease
infectious mononucleosis
Hodgkin disease is named after Thomas Hodgkin, who first described the disease in It was originally Hodgkin’s disease and only recently has the apostrophe been removed from this and other eponyms.
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39. Chapter 10
Lesson 10.2
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40. Objectives
Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the cardiovascular lymphatic system and blood.
Define, pronounce and spell diagnostic terms related to the cardiovascular system.
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41. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular system
angioplasty
atherectomy
endarterectomy
pericardiocentesis
phlebectomy
phlebotomy
valvuloplasty
Lymphatic System
splenectomy
splenopexy
thymectomy
What is an endarterectomy? What is the most common location for an endarterectomy?
What is the term for a “surgical puncture used to aspirate fluid from the outer sac of the heart”?
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42. Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular system
aneurysmectomy
bone marrow transplant
cardiac pacemaker
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
coronary stent
embolectomy
femoropopliteal bypass
implantable cardiac defibrillator
intracoronary thrombolytic therapy
coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
What does aneurysmectomy mean?
How are a coronary stent and CABG related?
What does percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty mean?
When is an implantable cardiac defibrillator used?
What would be the benefits of laser angioplasty compared with traditional angioplasty?
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43. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Have the class note the location of the bypass vessel.
What is the arch-shaped vessel?
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44. Coronary Stent A B C Stent at site of plaque formation
The stent is a stiff cylinder or mold, fashioned to anchor a graft.
Stent is not related to the term stenosis.
Stent at site of plaque formation
Inflated balloon and expanded stent
Implanted stent
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45. Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator
Describe how defibrillator paddles are placed on either side of the heart on the chest.
Where else might you find defibrillators other than in a medical facility?
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46. Clicker Question Which of the following is performed to remove
fatty plaque from an artery?
angioplasty
aneurysectomy
atherectomy
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47. Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Blood
bone marrow aspiration
bone marrow biopsy
bone marrow transplant
What condition might be treated by a bone marrow transplant?
What is the difference between a bone marrow biopsy and a bone marrow transplant?
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48. Bone Marrow Aspiration
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49. Placement of Defibrillator Paddles
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50. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular System
Diagnostic imaging
angiography
angioscope
angioscopy
aortogram
arteriogram
venogram
venography
What does the term angiography mean?
Discuss the many types of angiography.
What would an aortogram be used for?
What is venography?
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51. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular diagnostic procedures
echocardiogram (ECHO)
electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
electrocardiograph
electrocardiography
What is the difference between an echocardiogram and an electrocardiogram?
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52. What word is formed by the word parts listed on the slide
What word is formed by the word parts listed on the slide? (electrocardiogram)
electrocardiogram
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53. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular System
Diagnostic imaging
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Doppler ultrasound
exercise stress test
computed tomography (SBECT)
single-photon emission
thallium test
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
How does digital subtracting angiography work?
What is a Doppler ultrasound?
What equipment does a person taking an exercise stress test use?
What does a thallium test show?
A transesophageal echocardiogram uses an ultrasound probe placed in the pharynx and esophagus.
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54. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (con’t)
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Studies
cardiac catheterization
impedance plethysmography (IPC)
Is cardiac catheterization a type of angioplasty?
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55. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Cardiovascular System
Other diagnostic terms
auscultation
blood pressure
percussion
pulse
sphygmomanometer
stethoscope
c-reactive protein
creatine phosphokinase
homocysteine
lipid profile
troponin
What does a sphygmomanometer measure?
A stethoscope is used for auscultation and blood pressure measurement.
What would a physician use percussion for?
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56. Measurement of blood pressure
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57. Clicker Question Which measures the number of times per
minute the heart beat is felt on the arterial wall?
auscultation
blood pressure
pulse
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58. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Blood
Laboratory
coagulation time
complete blood count and differential count (CBC and Diff)
hematocrit
hemoglobin (Hgb)
prothrombin time (PT)
What is hemoglobin?
What is coagulation time?
What does prothrombin time show?
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59. Chapter 10
Lesson 10.3
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60. Objectives
Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the cardiovascular, and immune systems and blood.
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations presented in the chapter.
Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.
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61. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular system
atrioventricular (AV)
cardiac
cardiogenic
cardiologist
cardiology
hypothermia
intravenous
phlebologist
phlebology
What is a phlebologist? What would he or she treat?
What is hypothermia?
Would hypothermia ever be induced on purpose?
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62. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Blood
hematologist
hematology
hematopoiesis
hemolysis
hemostasis
myeloporesis
plasmapheresis
thrombolysis
What is the term for the “dissolution of a clot”?
What is the term for “stoppage of bleeding”?
What does hematopoiesis mean?
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63. Clicker Question A patient diagnosed with leukemia would seek
treatment from a
hematologist
cardiologist
phebologist
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64. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Cardiovascular system
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
diastole
extracorporeal
extravasation
fibrillation
heart murmur
hypercholesterolemia
hyperlipidemia
hypertriglyceridemia
lipids
What does diastole mean?
Would a heart murmur be dangerous? Why do dentists make patients with heart murmurs take antibiotics before undergoing dental work?
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65. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Cardiovascular system
hypertension
hypotension
lumen
occlude
systole
vasoconstrictor
vasodilator
venipuncture
Is hypotension high or low blood pressure?
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66. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Blood
anticoagulant
dyscrasial
hemorrhage
What would an anticoagulant be used for?
What is a hemorrhage?
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67. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts, Immune System
allergen
allergist
anaphylaxis
antibodies
antibiotic
antigen
autoimmune disease
immune
immunodeficiency
immunologist
immunology
infection
phagocytosis
vaccine
Name two autoimmune diseases.
What are three types of immunity?
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68. Abbreviations ACS CPR AFib CRP AV CPK BP DSA CABG DVT CAD ECG, EKG CBC
CCU
CHF
CPR
CRP
CPK
DSA
DVT
ECG, EKG
ECHO
HCT
What does ACS stand for?
What does CABG mean?
What does CBC mean?
Where would a CCU be located?
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69. Abbreviations (cont’d.)
Hgb
HHD
ICD IV MI
PAD PT
RBC
SPECT
TEE
WBC
What does Hgb mean?
What does SPECT mean?
Why do both ECG and EKG mean electrocardiogram?
What does HHD mean?
What does TEE mean?
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70. Read Medical Terms In Use
A 55-year-old man presented to his doctor with pain in
the calf and swelling in the left foot and ankle. Five days
before, the patient had traveled by air across the country,
spending several hours in a sitting position. He has a history
of varicose veins. No previous history of hypertension or
thrombophlebitis existed. Physical examination revealed
an edematous left lower extremity and a tender calf. The
pedal pulse was intact. A Doppler ultrasound was obtained,
which revealed deep vein thrombosis. The patient was
hospitalized and subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin
was begun. Concurrently, Coumadin was started and will
continue for 6 months. The oral anticoagulant therapy will
be monitored monthly by prothrombin time.
Why is a history of varicose veins recorded?
What type of diagnostic procedure was used?
Did the patient have a history of high blood pressure?
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