1. The Capitalization Strategies Program: An Interactive CD for Students
Author: Jean Schumaker
Publisher: Edge Enterprises, Inc.

2. Today’s Goals: To familiarize you with: The program content
The CD structure
Your role as a teacher
The instructor’s manual
How to get organized
The research

4. This Program is Based on Strategic Instruction
Learning strategies
Instructional methods

5. Learning Strategies
Include the way a person thinks and acts when performing a learning task.

6. Capitalization Strategies Taught
Step-by-step procedures to follow when checking sentences for a given rule
Mnemonic devices (poem, other memory tools)

7. The Poem

8. (Use a capital letter for proper nouns.)
The Rules
Lesson 1: Caps give a sentence wings.
(Use a capital letter to start a sentence.)
Lesson 2: Caps highlight people, places, and things.
(Use a capital letter for proper nouns.)
Lesson 3: Caps start out each speech.
(Use a capital letter to begin a quotation.)
Lesson 4: Caps help titles teach.
(Use a capital letter to highlight the most important words in a title.)

9. Instructional Methods
Provide a building process across lessons where students learn a new skill but also integrate it with previously learned skills.

10. The Whole Program Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Review A Lesson 3 Review B
Review C

11. Basic Instructional Methods for Teaching Strategies
Describe
Model
Verbal Practice
Controlled Practice
Advanced Practice

12. Lesson Parts

13. Lesson Format: Four Main Parts in Each Lesson
• Learn It
(Describe)
• Watch It
(Model)
• Say It
(Verbal Practice)
• Practice It
(Controlled Practice)
(Advanced Practice)

14. What about progress monitoring?
Pretest & Posttest
Quiz at the end of “Say It” (100% criterion)
Controlled Practice activities- Levels 1 & 2 (100% on two activities)
Advanced Practice activities- Level 3 (100% on one activity)

15. Let’s get started: Watch the Welcome

17. Lesson 1: Caps Give a Sentence Wings

18. Learn It

19. Lesson Format: Learn It
Introduction
Caps ______
Concept #1
Definition
Examples
Practice Activity
Concept #2
Concept #N
Definition
Examples
Practice Activity
Be Careful!
Strategy Steps
Closing
Lesson format: Learn It [Does this look okay??? Shall I change it to one column, even thought it will be much smaller font?]

20. Example of a “Learn It” Screen

21. “Caps give a sentence wings” means…
Use a capital letter to begin each new sentence.

22. Types of Sentences Statement (ends with a period)
Question (ends with a question mark)
Exclamation (ends with an exclamation point)

23. Complete Sentence
Has at least one subject (person, place, or thing that the sentence is about)
Has at least one verb (action or state of being word)
Has a capital letter as the first letter of the first word
Has end punctuation after the last word (.?!)
Makes sense

24. Run-on Sentence Does not make sense
Does not signal when each new idea begins
My mother will be ninety years old this year she is very healthy.

25. Look for Each Independent Clause
A group of words
• with a subject and a verb
• that makes sense

26. Add Capital Letters
we have two parties tonight my girlfriend only wants to go to one party.
sam and I went fishing we caught three catfish.
who is that person we don’t know her.
we had a terrific time the weather was perfect.

27. Be Careful!
Punctuation and coordinating conjunctions can be used to join two independent clauses.
We looked for the stars, but the sky was cloudy.
Sarah had to go back for her books, so she was late for class.

28. Coordinating Conjunctions
The FAN BOYS Words
For
And
Nor
But Or
Yet So

29. Semicolons
A semicolon (;) can be used to join two independent clauses.
• The show was great; we laughed the whole time.
• Loretta has a niece; she is twelve years old.

30. Three Ways to Separate Independent Clauses
End punctuation and a capital letter
Comma and a FAN BOYS Word
Semicolon

31. The Steps Look for independent clauses
Check for FAN BOYS Words and semicolons
Capitalize the first word of each complete sentence

32. Lesson Format: Learn It
Introduction
Caps ______
Concept #1
Definition
Examples
Practice Activity
Concept #2
Concept #N
Definition
Examples
Practice Activity
Be Careful!
Strategy Steps
Closing
Lesson format: Learn It [Does this look okay??? Shall I change it to one column, even thought it will be much smaller font?]

33. Watch “Learn It” for Lesson 1

34. A Word About Pass Codes
When the students “quit” the program, they receive a pass code.
They record the pass code on the Pass Code list.
They enter the pass code the next time they use the program to take them to the screen where they stopped work.

35. The Watch It Section

36. Lesson Format: Watch It
Introduction/Review
Example #1
Example #2
Example #3
Example #N
Closing

37. Example of a “Watch It” Screen

38. Another Example of “Watch It”

39. Look at “Watch It” for Lesson 1

40. Lesson Format: Say It Introduction/Review Activity #1 Directions
Activity #N
Closing

41. Example of a “Say It” Screen

42. Look at “Say It” for Lesson 1

43. Let’s Take a Quiz!

44. Lesson Format: Practice It
Introduction/Review
Practice Level #1
All sentences require capital letters.
Practice Level #2
Some sentences require capital letters.
Practice Level #3
Students write sentences.
Closing

45. Mastery Requirements Level 1 - Two sets at 100%
Level 3 - One set at 100%

46. Options for Level 3 Practice
Student types sentences onto screen and prints out sentences to be graded later by the teacher.
Student types sentences onto screen, and the teacher grades sentences on the screen.
Student prints out worksheets and writes sentences by hand.
Teacher prints out worksheets and distributes them.

47. Example of “Practice It” Activity

48. Look at “Practice It” for Lesson 1

50. Lesson 2: Caps highlight people, places, & things.
Use a capital letter as the first letter of a proper noun.

51. Proper Nouns Common Nouns
Two Types of Nouns
Proper Nouns
Common Nouns

52. Proper Noun The name of: • a specific person (Thomas)
• a specific place (New York City)
• a specific thing (Volkswagen Beetle)

53. Common Noun The name of general people, places, and things. boy city
car

54. Specific People’s Names
William F. Johnson
Sarah Jane Miles
Mrs. Olin
Mr. Patterson
Mr. John H. Smith is my teacher.

55. Capitalize Job Titles
Capitalize job titles only when they are part of a specific person’s name.
• Senator Edward Kennedy prepared his speech.
• I helped the senator prepare his speech.

56. Be Careful! Capitalize some titles that come after a person’s name:
• Jr. and Sr.
• Educational titles (M.A., Ph.D., J.D., M.D.)

57. The Pronoun “I” Always capitalize the pronoun “I”’’
If you want me to go with you, I will gladly do so.

58. Groups of People Group names related to countries
(Americans, Mexicans, British)
• Group names related to cities & states
(New Yorkers, Texans)
• Group names related to religions
(Christians, Jews, Muslims)
• Group names related to ethnicity
(Hispanics, Blacks, Caucasians)
• Group names related to politics
(Republicans, Democrats, Socialists)

59. Capitalize Adjectives Related to Groups of People
Sam Lightfoot won the Democratic primary election.
Christmas is a Christian holiday.

60. Specific Places Specific building (Empire State Building)
Specific monument (Lincoln Memorial)
Specific street (Pine Street)
Specific city (Kansas City)
Specific state (Alaska)
Specific country (United States)
Specific continent (North America)

61. Specific Geographical Features
Specific ocean (Pacific Ocean)
Specific river (Mississippi River)
Specific lake (Lake Huron)
Specific mountain (Matterhorn)
Specific rock (Rock of Gibralter)
Specific island (Treasure Island)

62. Be Careful!
Use a capital letter only when “north,” “south,” “east,” and “west” are part of a specific name.
• Scott moved to the West Coast.
• His address is 707 East 15th Street.
• His grandparents live in the South.

63. Be Careful!
Don’t capitalize “north,” “south,” “east,” and “west” when they are not part of a specific name.
• Turn east when you get to the corner.
• The mountains lie to the west of the town.

64. Specific Things Objects (Ford Taurus, Challenger)
Documents (Bill of Rights)
Awards (Stanley Cup, Heisman Trophy)
Organizations (Green Bay Packers,
IBM, CIA)
• Events (Boston Tea Party, Super Bowl)
• Calendar items & time periods (Thursday, April, Thanksgiving, Renaissance, Reagan Era)

65. What to capitalize?
In people’s names, capitalize all words and abbreviations.
Ann Louise Porter
Mr. Alan P. Simmons, Jr.
In specific places and things, capitalize words with four or more letters.
• Center for Research on Learning

66. The Steps Look for the names of people, places, and things.
Check whether a capital letter is needed.
Add capital letters where needed.

67. Let’s Take a Quiz!

68. Let’s practice!

70. Lesson 3: Caps start out each speech
Use a capital letter at the beginning of each quotation.

71. Quotation • The actual words people say.
• “Contained in quotation marks.”

72. Example Quotations Statement:
Maria said, “Please take these flowers to your teacher.”
Question:
Tyquez asked, “What is the temperature?”
Exclamation:
Paco yelled, “Watch your step!”

73. Not Quotations Trisha reported to her boss.
Melinda asked about the time of the meeting.
Bobby told Samantha to hurry.

74. “That”
The word “that” is sometimes a signal that the exact words the person said have not been included in a sentence.
Example:
Brian told me that he will go with me to California.

75. Three Types of Quotations
At the beginning of a sentence
At the end of a sentence
At the beginning and end of a sentence
(Split in the middle)

76. At the Beginning of a Sentence
“Our bus is late,” Etsuko said sadly.
“What time will it arrive?” asked Kato.
“Here it comes!” announced Penny.

77. At the End of a Sentence Daran stated, “This is my house.”
Petrea asked, “Why are you late?”
Dwanna shouted, “Get in the car now!”

78. Split in the Middle
“Please remember to close the door,” cautioned Ashton. “It’s hot outside.”
“Here are the flowers,” said Patsy. “We need to put them on the tables.”

79. Be Careful!
Only capitalize the first word of each sentence in a quotation.
Examples:
• “We were late”, said Joshua, “because our alarm did not work.”
• “My birthday is soon,” said Kota, “and I expect you to give me a party.”

80. Check Carefully!
If the words within quotation marks cannot stand alone as a complete sentence, do not use a capital letter.
“Be sure to check your work,” reminded Mrs. Loomis, “before you turn it in.”

81. The Steps Look for the exact words said. Check for complete sentences.
Add a capital letter at the beginning of each complete sentence.

82. Let’s Take a Quiz!

83. Let’s practice!

85. Lesson 4: Caps help titles teach.
Use a capital letter to begin each key word in a title.

86. Title A title is the name of a specific • Book
• Live or Filmed Production (musical, movie)
• Work of Art (painting, sculpture)

87. “PAL” Memory Tool
Productions
Art
Literature

88. Key Words Key words in a title are: • The first word • The last word
• Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs

89. Not Key Words Do not capitalize: Articles (a, the)
Prepositions (to, under, over)
Conjunctions (and, but, although)

90. Titles in Literature Use caps with the names of specific:
Books (The Laws of Our Fathers)
Chapters (“Dreams of Summer”)
Articles (“Double the Work”)
Poem (“The Road not Taken”)
Magazine (Highlights for Children)
Newspaper (Los Angeles Times)
My favorite Grisham novel is The Firm.

91. Live or Filmed Productions
Use caps with the names of specific:
• Plays (Arsenic and Old Lace)
• Musicals (Sound of Music)
• Films (The Temple of Doom)
• TV Series (Boston Legal)
We went to see Star Wars last night.

92. Works of Art Use caps with the names of specific:
• Paintings (Water Lilies)
• Drawings (Colleges and City Life)
• Sculptures (The Pieta)
• Exhibits (The Streets of New York)
Example:
Picasso’s Guernica is a famous painting about war.

93. Signals for Titles Italics Underlining Quotation marks
Certain words in a sentence (book, article, painting, show, movie)

94. The Steps Look for titles. Check for key words.
Capitalize each key word.

95. Let’s Take a Quiz!

96. Let’s practice!

97. Writing sentences using all rules learned
All Reviews
Review It
Watch It
Say It
Practice It
Practice Level #4
Placing capital letters of all types learned so far.
Practice Level #5
Writing sentences using all rules learned
so far.

98. Mastery Requirements Level 4 - Two sets at 80% or above
Level 5 - One set at 100%

99. What patterns do you see?

100. Logistics Set up individual student folders.
Decide to use a printer or to copy materials.
Make some materials accessible.
Distribute other materials based on mastery.
Set up a way for students to hand in products.
Create a grading system.
Emphasize generalization

101. Troubleshooting Limit Internet access. Limit cheating.
Limit inappropriate responding to the program.
Help students who are not reaching mastery.
Help students catch up.
Plan work for speedy students.
Emphasize mastery.

102. The Research

103. Capitalization Program Study
Content: 4 Capitalization Rules
4 Lessons, 3 Review Lessons
Subjects: 34 Middle-school students
33 High-school students
Design: Pretest-Posttest Control-group design with random selection

104. Figure 1: Correcting Capitalization Errors
Percentage Correct
Experimental Middle School
Control Middle School
Experimental High School
Control High School

105. Figure 2: Writing Sentences with Capital Letters
Percentage Correct
Experimental Middle School
Control Middle School
Experimental High School
Control High School

106. Statistical Results ANCOVAs showed:
There were no differences between the middle-school and high-school students in how they responded to the intervention with regard to the errors corrected and the writing of sentences.
Significant differences were found between the posttest scores of the experimental and control students on all measures (p < .0005), with a very large effect size in each case.

107. For more information on this CD program, contact
Edge Enterprises
708 W. 9th Street, Suite 107
Lawrence, Kansas 66044
Phone:
Toll free:
Fax: