1. REFORMATION
UNIT 4

2. objectives
Summarize the factors that encouraged the protestant reformation.
Analyze Martin Luther’s role in shaping the protestant reformation.
Explain the teachings and impact of John Calvin.
Describe the new ideas that protestant sects embraced.
Understand why England formed a new church
Analyze how the catholic church reformed itself.
Explain why many groups faced persecution during the reformation.

3. Causes Social Political Economic Religious
Value humanism and secularism, which leads to people questioning the Church
Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe
European princes and kings were jealous of Church's wealth
Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt
Printing press helped spread ideas/critics of the Church
Many leaders view the Pope as foreign and challenge his authority
Merchants and others resented paying a tax to the Church
Many people saw indulgences as unacceptable

4. Causes of the Reformation
1) Renaissance
2) printing press
3) rulers resented the Popes’ attempt to control them.
4) northern merchants did not want to pay church taxes to Rome

5. Problems within the church
Critics of the church claimed that its leaders were corrupt.
Popes during Renaissance – patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure and fought wars.
Some Popes admitted to having several children, many priests were not well educated, some were married, gambled, or drank too much.
“if the truth be confessed, the luxury and pomp of our courts is too great.” –Pope Pius II.

6. Early call to reform People who cried for reform:
John Wycliffe of England : late 1300s-early 1400s, denied the Pope had the right to worldly power. Believed the Bible had more authority than church leaders.
Erasmus & More also contributed to the criticism.

7. Martin Luther Became a monk in 1505.
Taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony.
1517 – TOOK A STAND.
Church was selling indulgences (basically a pardon for their sins). Indulgences were not supposed to affect god’s right to judge, but the impression was that by buying indulgences, the people could buy their way into heaven!

10. Martin Luther
95 theses: Luther was troubled by actions of the church. He wrote 95 theses (statements) that attacked the church. He posted these statements on the door of the castle church and invited people to come debate him. Someone took these off the door and made copies. Soon, everybody knew about Luther's words!

12. Reform!
Luther’s actions are credited with starting the Reformation – a movement of religious reform.
Resulted in the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the Pope’s authority.
Luther’s main ideas:
People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. (church taught that faith and “good works” were needed for salvation.
All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible. The pope and church traditions were false authorities.
All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the bible for them.

13. Response to Luther
Luther was threatened by the Pope unless he took back his statements. Luther did not and as a result he was excommunicated!
Luther was opposed by the Holy Roman Emperor as well. He summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial. Luther refused again to take back his words.

14. Response to Luther
After the trial, emperor Charles V issued an imperial order, the Edicts of Worms.
Declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic.
Nobody was suppose to give Luther food or shelter, his books were burned.
The state that Luther lived disobeyed these orders.

15. Peace of Augsburg
Charles V tried to persuade German princes to convert back to the Holy Roman Church
Several little wars occurred
In 1555, the treaty known as the Peace of Augsburg, was signed stating that a prince had the right to choose what religion their kingdom would follow

16. Response to Luther
When Luther returned to Wittenberg, he discovered that many of his ideas were already being put into practice.
Priests dressed in ordinary clothes and called themselves ministers.
Led services in German instead of Latin.
Ministers were allowed to marry.
Luther and his followers became a separate religious group called Lutherans.

17. More effects German princes were divided in their support for Luther.
Princes who remained loyal to the Pope agreed to join forces against Luther's ideas. Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement. These princes became known as protestants.
Eventually the term protestant was applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.

19. ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT
HENRY VIII – wants a son but believes his wife, Catherine, would not be able to give him one. He decides to ask the Pope to annul his marriage. The pope declines, fearing he may anger Catherine’s nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
He solves his problem by calling parliament into session and asked it to pass a set of laws that ended the Pope’s power in England.

20. England Becomes Protestant
Parliament legalizes Henry’s divorce with Catherine and approves the Act of Supremacy which makes the English king, not the Pope, official head of England’s church.
Side note: Henry did not get the male heir he sought immediately. After his wife gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth. He had her imprisoned and later beheaded. Henry would marry 4 more times, his third wife would give him his son, Edward. Henry VIII was ultimately married 6 times.
Henry dies and each of his children ruled. Edward ruled only 6 years; Mary turned the church back to the pope and killed many protestants, than Elizabeth ruled.

22. Queen Elizabeth Inherited the throne in 1558.
In 1559, she created a national church that people were required to attend its services or they would pay a fine.
Parliament declared that Elizabeth was head of the church of England, or Anglican church.
A state church that moderate Catholics and moderate protestants could accept.
She also faced the attack of King Phillip II and his force known as the Spanish armada.

23. PART II – JOHN CALVIN

24. JOHN CALVIN’S IDEAS Men and woman are sinful by nature.
God chooses very few people (elect) to save, which is known as predestination.
The ideal government is a theocracy. (government run by religious leader).

25. Calvin’s Geneva
1541 Protestants in Geneva asked Calvin to lead their community in Switzerland
He set up a theocracy
a government run by church leaders
Stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty, and morals
Christians faced harsh punishments for fighting, swearing, laughing, and dancing
Believed it was ok for women to sing in Church

26. SPREAD OF CALVINISM Reformers from Europe visited Geneva
Calvinism spread to Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland
Why is John Calvin important today?
His ideas influenced the development of many different Protestant churches.

27. CONCLUSION
The Renaissance slowly moved to Northern Europe where artists and writers experimented with new methods and ideas. Meanwhile, the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin led people to separate from the Roman Catholic Church and form new Protestant Churches.