1. Spread of Protestantism
For both Catholics and Protestant reformers, Luther’s heresy raised the question of what constituted the correct interpretation of the Bible.
The inability to agree on this issue led not only to theological confrontations but also to bloody warfare as each Christian group was unwilling to admit that it could be wrong.

2. Lutheranism in Scandinavia
Sweden
Gustavus Vasa became king in 1520 and by 1530s the Swedish Lutheran National Church
Denmark
Frederick I encouraged Lutheran preachers to spread evangelical doctrines
Frederick’s successor- Christian III, installed a Lutheran state church – king supreme authority
Spread to Norway
By 1540s, Scandinavia had become a Lutheran stronghold
In 1397, the Union of Kalmar had brought about the unification of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under the rule of one monarch, the king of Denmark.
This union failed to achieve any real social or political unification of the three states
By the beginning of the 16th century, the union was basically disintegrating
In 1520, Christian II of Denmark was overthrown by Swedish barons led by Gustavus Vasa.  became king of an independent Sweden and took the lead in establishing the Lutheran reformation in his country
Christian II had also been deposed as the king of Denmark by the Danish nobility – succeeded by his uncle, Frederick I
Like the German princes, the Scandinavian monarchs had been the dominant force in establishing state-run churches

3. Ulrich Zwingli ( )
Student of Christian humanism and Catholic priest
Adopted Lutheranism and established what amounted to a theocracy in Zurich
Like Luther, believed in supremacy of Bible, but believed did not believe that baptism and holy communion were true sacraments
Stripped icons/images from the altars of churches
Emphasized simplicity in worship
Ends up being killed by Catholic forces during civil war in 1531
In the 16th c, the Swiss Confederation was a loose association of 13 self-governing states called cantons
Theoretically in Holy Roman Empire, but had become virtually independent in 1499.
During Lent, publicly ate sausages in defiance of Lenten ban on eating meat- said that there was nothing in the Bible about sausages
Only preach from the bible and forbid saying of mass
Tithes used to aid the poor- in his mind the real image of god
By 1528, Zwingli’s reform movement faced a serious political problem– forest cantons still very Catholic– Zurich feared they would side with the Habsburgs
Tried to unify with Luther and the German reformers for strength – no alliance b/c disagreement on Eucharist – thought Luther still too close to Catholicism in that sense
In Oct 1531, war erupted with the Swiss Protestants and Catholics – Zwingli killed – cut up his body and burned
This religious war foreshadowed religious conflicts
Both Catholics and Lutherans claim his death to be divine judgement against religious positions – Martin Luther said he got what he deserved

4. Anabaptists
Voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state
Rejected secular agreements- refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in military
Did not believe in childhood baptism- baptize adults
Considered radicals by Protestants and Catholics
Wanted to represent “godly” living on the model of the New Testament
Believed only adults could manifest true faith and this be worthy of baptism
Believed all believers equal
Each church chose its minister – though women often excluded
Called themselves “Christians”
Believed in complete separation of Church and state
Idea that human law had no power over those whom God had saved
Charles V along with Catholic and Protestant rulers in the empire declared Anabaptism a crime and punishable by death- drowning- “third baptism”

5. Tragedy at Munster
In 1532, a radical group of Anabaptists took control of the German city of Munster
Polygamy was instituted (Leader, John of Leiden, had 16 wives)
Women could serve as leaders of movement
All books except the Bible burned
Began killing some Lutherans and Catholics
Combined armies of Protestant and Catholic forces captured the city and executed the Anabaptist leaders
Got rid of private property – when Christ returns you do not need possessions
Believed the end of the world was near
Leadership tortured

6. Long Term Impacts of Anabaptists
Mennonites
Founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons– descendants of the Anabaptists
Emphasized pacifism
Quakers
England- shared similar beliefs
Thousands came to America
Unitarians
Reject the Trinity
Also influenced by Anabaptists
Luther did not believe in the legitimacy of any other faith except mainstream Protestantism
Mennonites- peace
Amish descendants as well

7. Calvinism Protestant Work Ethic:
John Calvin ( )
French, forced into exile, settling in Basel and Geneva
Predestination: Since God is all-knowing, He already knows who is going to be saved and who is destined for Hell
“good works” is not sufficient and no free will because God has already decided
BUT, good works are a sign that you have been chosen for salvation
Reforms arrived in France and once there were placards being placed in Paris denouncing Mass- the King, (Francis I), decided to combat reform in earnest
Calvin- sent to Paris at a young age to trained as a priest
Late-Renaissance humanism and the teachings of Erasmus helped stimulate in the pious young Calvin an interest in religious reform
Feared storms and nature
Idea that the oceans might rise and sweep humankind away
Believed lived in a time of moral crisis- we have seen this…
Calvin said three tests that might indicate possible salvation: an open profession of faith, a “decent and godly life”, and participation in the sacraments of baptism and communion – Calvin never suggested that worldly success or material wealth was a sign of election – in the future this distinction was not always made
Gave later Calvinists an unshakable conviction that they were doing God’s work on earth
Protestant Work Ethic:
Emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased

8. Calvinism Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540
Geneva became the new center of the Reformation in Europe
Like Zwingli, he believed the church and city should combine to enforce Christian behavior
Activities like drinking, singing, dancing and gambling were prohibited
Protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France settled in Geneva and returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas
Only those committed to following Calvinism were allowed in the city
Calvinism was the most militant and uncompromising of all Protestant sects
Consistory: A judiciary of lay elders had power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s law

9. Impact of spread of Calvinism
Presbyterianism
Established in Scotland by John Knox in 1560
Presbyters governed the church
Huguenots
French Calvinists
Brutally suppressed in France
Dutch Reformed Church
Rise of Calvinism in Netherlands set stage for revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain
Declared Independence in 1581, but not officially recognized until 1648
Puritans in England
Later established colonies in America
Countries where Calvinism did not spread- Ireland, Spain and Italy- heavily Catholic