1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Why Study Psychology?
Describe how, through the study of human and animal behavior, people can discover psychological principles that have the potential to enrich the lives of humans.
Chapter Preview 1

3. Chapter Objectives · Section 2
A Brief History of Psychology
Discuss the set of questions, theories, methods, and possible answers in psychology that have been passed on, studied, and changed over time.
Chapter Preview 2

4. Objectives · Section 3 Psychology as a Profession
Summarize how psychologists are trained to observe, analyze, and evaluate behavior patterns, and to apply what they have learned.
Chapter Preview 3

5. Why Study Psychology?
physiological—physical, needs such as sleep and hunger
cognitive—private, unobservable mental, reasons
Section 1

6. Gaining Insight into Behavior
Psychology can provide useful insight into one’s self and into the behavior of others.
Section 1

7. Acquiring Practical Information
Each chapter introduces material that has practical applications to your life.
Section 1

8. Overview of Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Both animals and humans are studied.
Section 1

9. Overview of Psychology (cont.)
Psychologists seek to do four things:
Describe—they describe or gather information about the behavior being studied.
Explain—these explanations are also called psychological principles—generally valid ideas about behavior.
Section 1

10. Overview of Psychology (cont.)
Propose a hypothesis—an educated guess about some phenomenon.
Form a theory—a complex explanation based on findings from a large number of experimental studies.
Section 1

11. Overview of Psychology (cont.)
Predict—by studying descriptive and theoretical accounts of past behavior, they can predict future behaviors.
Influence behavior—Scientists who conduct studies with a long-term goal of finding out more about human or animal behavior are conducting basic science.
Section 1

12. Overview of Psychology (cont.)
Scientist who use what we already know about people to benefit others view psychology as an applied science.
Section 1

13. The Scientific Basis of Psychology
Scientist rely on the scientific method—a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized.
Wilhelm Wundt pioneered the scientific method.
Test Your Intuitions
Section 1

14. The Scientific Basis of Psychology (cont.)
Psychologists reach their conclusions by:
identifying a specific problem or question
formulating a hypothesis
collecting data through observation and experimentation
analyzing the data
The Scientific Method
Section 1

15. Main Idea
Psychology involves sets of questions, theories, methods, and possible answers that have been passed on and changed from generation to generation.
Section 2-Main Idea

16. The Origins of Psychology
The study of psychology has come a long way since the study of bumps on skulls, or phrenology.
In a time when many natural scientists were studying complex phenomena by reducing them to simpler parts, the science of psychology was also born.
Section 2

17. Historical Approaches
Wilhelm Wundt was a structuralist—a scientist who studies the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences.
He developed a method of self observation called introspection to collect information about the mind.
Section 2

18. Historical Approaches (cont.)
Participants reported their thoughts and feelings.
Wundt tried to map out the basic structure of thought processes.
Section 2

19. Historical Approaches (cont.)
William James, the “father of psychology,” believed that all activities of the mind serve one major function: to help us survive as a species.
Functionalists study how animals and people adapt to their environments, or the function rather than the structure of consciousness.
Section 2

20. Historical Approaches (cont.)
Sir Francis Galton wanted to understand how heredity influences a person’s abilities, character, and behavior.
He believed that genius or eminence is hereditary, but later scientists recognized his theory as flawed.
Section 2

21. Historical Approaches (cont.)
Galton also developed tests that the forerunners to current personality and intelligence tests.
He raised the issue of whether behavior is determined by heredity or environment as well.
Section 2

22. Historical Approaches (cont.)
A group of German psychologists argued that perception is more than the sum of its parts—it involves a “whole pattern,” or Gestalt.
These scientists studied how sensations are assembled into perceptual experiences.
Section 2

23. Contemporary Approaches
Psychoanalytical Psychology—Sigmund Freud was interested in studying the unconscious mind.
A psychoanalyst is a psychologist who studies how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feelings, and thoughts.
Section 2

24. Contemporary Approaches (cont.)
Freud used a method of indirectly studying unconscious processes, known as free association.
He also used dream analysis to study his patients.
Section 2

25. Contemporary Approaches (cont.)
Behaviorists are psychologists that analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment.
Ivan Pavlov pioneered this concept and B.F. Skinner introduced the idea of reinforcement (a response to behavior that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated).
Section 2

26. Contemporary Approaches (cont.)
Humanists—this type of psychologist believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth.
Cognitivists—this type of psychologist studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how thought processes influence our behavior.
Mary Whiton Calkins
Section 2

27. Contemporary Approaches (cont.)
Biological Psychology—a psychobiologist studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior.
Sociocultural Psychology—this approach involves studying the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning.
Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
Section 2

28. What is a Psychologist?
Psychologist are people who have been trained to observe, analyze and evaluate behavior.
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders.
Section 3

29. What is a Psychologist? (cont.)
A clinical psychologist diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances.
Counseling psychologists usually help people deal with problems of everyday life.
Section 3

30. What is a Psychologist? (cont.)
The American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional society of psychologists and educators.
Divisions of the APA
Section 3

31. Section 3-End

32. Test Your Intuitions Test your intuitions about behavior by answering true or false to the statements below.
Figure 1

33. The Scientific Method
Scientists investigate a question they have by using the scientific method.
Figure 2

34. Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
Modern psychologists use many different approaches to study the same behavior. Each viewpoint offers additional information to understanding behavior and reflects a different view of human nature.
Figure 3

35. Where Psychologists Work
Most psychologists in the United States are engaged in clinical psychology.
Figure 4

36. Divisions of the APA
The divisions of the American Psychological Association (APA) represent the many areas in which a psychologist may specialize.
Figure 5

37. Mary Whiton Calkins 1863–1930
“What we most need to know about any man is surely this: whether he is good or bad.”
Profiles 1

38. Select a transparency to view.
Chapter Concepts Transparencies
The Scientific Method
Major Developments in Psychology
Select a transparency to view.
Concept Trans Menu

39. Concept Trans 1

40. Concept Trans 2

41. DFS Trans 1

42. DFS Trans 2

43. DFS Trans 3

44. physiological: having to do with an organism’s physical processes
Vocab1

45. cognitive: having to do with an organism’s thinking and understanding
Vocab2

46. psychology: the scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research
Vocab3

47. hypothesis: an assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research
Vocab4

48. theory: a set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific study
Vocab5

49. basic science: the pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake
Vocab6

50. applied science: discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals
Vocab7

51. scientific method: a general approach to gathering information and answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized
Vocab8

52. structuralist: a psychologist who studied the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences
Vocab9

53. introspection: a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings
Vocab10

54. functionalist: a psychologist who studied the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness
Vocab11

55. psychoanalyst: a psychologist who studied how unconscious motives and conflicts determine human behavior, feelings, and thoughts
Vocab12

56. behaviorist: a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment
Vocab13

57. humanist: a psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth
Vocab14

58. cognitivist: a psychologist who studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how thought processes influence our behavior
Vocab15

59. psychobiologist: a psychologist who studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior
Vocab16

60. psychologist: a scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals
Vocab17

61. psychiatry: a branch of medicine that deals with mental emotional, or behavioral disorders
Vocab18

62. clinical psychologist: a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances
Vocab19

63. counseling psychologist: a psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems of everyday life
Vocab20

64. developmental psychologist: a psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures
Vocab21

65. educational psychologist: a psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn
Vocab22

66. community psychologist: a psychologist who may work in a mental health or social welfare agency
Vocab23

67. industrial/organizational psychologist: a psychologist who uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers
Vocab24

68. experimental psychologist: a psychologist who studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation and/or emotion in carefully controlled laboratory conditions
Vocab25

69. To use this Presentation Plus! product:
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu or Chapter Introduction slides to access the Concept Transparencies that are relevant to this chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily Focus Skills Transparency.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the Psychology Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Profiles in Psychology and relevant figures from your textbook are located at the bottom of relevant screens.
Help

70. This slide is intentionally blank.
End of Custom Shows