1. Short Answer
What were the consequences of the French and Indian War to Great Britain and her North American colonies?

2. The American Revolution

3. COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND REBELLION
The Proclamation of 1763 sought to halt the westward expansion of the colonist, thus the colonist believed the British government did not care about their needs
This was one of many measures passed by the English Parliament that would be strenuously opposed by the American Colonists
England’s Parliament and Big Ben

4. NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
Huge debt from the French-Indian War caused the English Parliament to impose a series of taxes on the colonists
The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act were two such taxes
Colonists protest

5. THE SUGAR ACT
The Sugar Act (1764) placed duties (taxes) on certain imports that had not been taxed before
More importantly, it meant colonists accused of violating the Act were tried in Vice-Admiral Courts rather than Colonial Courts

6. THE STAMP ACT
In March of 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act which imposed a tax on documents and printed items such as wills, newspapers, and cards (a stamp would then be placed on the item)

7. RESISTANCE GROWS
In May of 1765 Colonists formed a secret resistance group called, Sons of Liberty to protest the laws
Merchants agree to boycott British goods until the Acts are repealed

8. MORE TAXES, MORE PROTESTS
More taxes and acts soon followed: Declaratory Act
Townshend Acts
The Townshend Acts taxed goods brought into the colonies from Britain – including lead, paint, glass, paper and TEA

9. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties
 * “Daughters of Liberty” * spinning bees
2. Riots against customs agents: * John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty was stopped and searched * 2000 British troops sent to Boston.

10. TENSION MOUNTS IN MASSACHUSETTS
The atmosphere in Boston was extremely tense
The city erupted in bloody clashes and a daring tax protest, all of which pushed the colonists and England closer to war
Boston Massacre was in 1770 when a mob taunted British soldiers – 5 colonists were killed
BOSTON MASSACRE 1770 BY PAUL REVERE

11. The Gaspee Incident- Providence, RI coast

12. Committees of Correspondence
Purpose  warn neighboring colonies about incidents with Britain.
-look for threats to American liberties  broaden the resistance movement and communication network between colonies.

13. BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773

14. BRITS RESPOND TO TEA VANDALS
After 18,000 pounds of tea was dumped by colonists into Boston Harbor, King George III was infuriated
Parliament responded by passing the Intolerable Acts; which included the closing of the Harbor, the Quartering Act, Martial law in Boston

15. THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION Colonists start to organize and communicate
First Continental Congress met in 1774 and drew up rights
Military preparation began
England reacts by ordering troops to seize weapons
FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS PHILLY
ATTENDEES INCLUDED SAMUEL ADAMS, PATRICK HENRY, AND GEORGE WASHINGTON

16. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD
With Paul Revere’s announcement, the Colonists and the British began fighting in April of 1775
The first battle of the American Revolution lasted only 15 minutes, but its impact has lasted for over 200 years

17. SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
May 1775, Colonial leaders met for a Second Continental Congress
Some called for Independence, some for reconciliation
Finally, the Congress agreed to appoint George Washington as head of the Continental Army
Patrick Henry addresses Congress

18. BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
British General Thomas Gage decided on an attack on Breed’s Hill (near Boston)
Deadliest battle of war as over 1,000 redcoats and 450 colonists died
Battle misnamed Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill would have been more accurate)
June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill

20. OLIVE BRANCH PETITION
By July 1775, the Second Continental Congress was readying for war, though still hoping for peace
Most delegates deeply loyal to King George III
July 8 – Olive Branch Petition sent to King who flatly refused it

21. HUGE BEST SELLER, “COMMON SENSE” 1776
INDEPENDENCE MINDED
Public opinion shifted toward Independence
Why? Enlightenment ideas (John Locke’s Social Contract, and Thomas Paine’s Common Sense) and Great Awakening ideas.
HUGE BEST SELLER, “COMMON SENSE” 1776

22. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress voted unanimously that the American Colonies were free and they adopted the Declaration of Independence
The Colonists had declared their independence– they would now have to fight for it
JEFFERSON, ADAMS, & FRANKLIN

24. THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
Colonists divided between Loyalists and Patriots
New York City early site of battles
Colonial troops retreat, then surprise British troops at Saratoga

25. Will it last?
After Colonist declared independence , few thought that the rebellion would last.
A divided colonial population vs. a worldwide empire.

26. Strengths and Weaknesses
United States
familiarity of ground
Leadership of George Washington
Most soldiers were untrained
Shortages of food and ammunition
No central gov’t
Inferior navy
Great Britain
Well trained army
Strong central govt with $$
Support of Loyalists and Natives
Large distance
Weak military leaders
Unfamiliar terrain
Hessians! (German mercenaries)

27. Defeat in New York!
Wanted to stop rebellion by isolating New England, so British sail into New York Harbor
British come in with 32,000 versus Americans 23,000
Ended in late August with an American retreat because of heavy losses (Quote pg. 114)
By late fall, the British had pushed Washington’s men across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.
Vast majority of men had deserted, been captured or killed
Less than 8,000 men left!!!

28. More Battles
Christmas Eve- Washington led 2400 men across the ice filled Delaware River
Marched nine miles through snow and reached Trenton, New Jersey.
Surprise attack left 30 British dead and 918 captured

29. Saratoga!! And a TURNING POINT
British General John Burgoyne “Gentleman Johnny” wanted to meet General Howe in Albany
7,000 soldiers and 30 wagons full of fine clothes and wine
American General Horatio Gates assembled his troops and was able to cause high causalities every time he clashed with Burgoyne
Howe was preoccupied with “Taking” Philadelphia and never meet up.
American troops surrounded the British and on 10/17/1777 they surrendered.
Changed British military strategy. STAY BY THE COAST!!

31. A Secret Alliance
France was still bitter about losing in the French and Indian War.
Secretly been sending Patriots weapons since 1776
Victory at Saratoga boosted French confidence in America
Signed a treaty with America in 1778 saying they would not make peace with Britain until American independence was recognized.

32. A Winter at Valley Forge
While awaiting the French help to arrive, the British occupied New York while the Americans occupied Philadelphia.
Washington and the Continental Army struggled to stay alive with the bitter cold and primitive conditions of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
Amputations were common because of frostbite.
More than 2,000 of 10,000 died. (pg. 116)

33. WINNING THE WAR
With French military leader Marquis de Lafayette’s help, Colonial troops became effective fighters
“to make regular soldiers out of country bumpkins”
May 1780, British troops successfully take Charles Town, S.C. Took 5,500 POWs.
However, it was the last major victory for the British as General Cornwallis finally surrendered at Yorktown, Va. on October 18, 1781
The Americans victory shocked the world
Cornwallis surrenders

34. The British Surrender at Yorktown
Goal- Surround General Cornwallis and British troops.
1- French naval force defeated a British fleet and then blocked Chesapeake Bay
2-17,000 French and Americans surrounded British on the Yorktown Peninsula.
3- bombarded them day and nt for three weeks
4- with troops outnumber 2 to 1 and exhausted by constant shelling, Cornwallis finally raised white flag to surrender!

36. TREATY OF PARIS Peace talks began in Paris in 1782
American negotiating team included John Jay, John Adams, and Ben Franklin
Treaty signed in September of 1783 and officially recognized the independence of the United States and set boundaries (East Coast to Mississippi River and Canada to Florida)

37. THE NEXT STEP!!!
Possible problems: NO timeline on when British would evacuate America, Americans agreed to pay back debt to the British, Loyalists could sue for property lost in war and no mention of Native American treaties or land agreements
-Challenge of creating a new gov’t
1- Who should participate?
2- Represent the people?
3- opposing groups all have a voice?