1. Unit: Learning

2. Classical Conditioning
How is behavior affected by classical and operant conditioning?

3. Vocabulary Learning Unconditioned Conditioned Stimulus Response
Generalization
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Higher-Order Conditioning
Taste Aversion
Habituation / Dishabituation
Sensitization

4. Learning
The modification through experience of preexisting behavior and understanding
Habituation
The process of adapting to stimuli that do not change.
Dishabituation
The reappearance of your original response when a stimulus changes
Sensitization
Increase in responsiveness to a stimuli

5. Pavlov’s Experiment (Identify the Parts)
Unconditioned Stimuli
Unconditioned Response
Neutral Stimuli
Conditioned Stimuli
Conditioned Response

6. Pavlov’s Dog

7. Watson’s Experiment
Little Albert Experiment

8. Generalization and Discrimination
Stimulus Generalization: A phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination: A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one

9. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Figure 6.5 Idealized curve of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery The rising curve shows that the CR rapidly grows stronger as the CS and US are repeatedly paired (acquisition), then weakens as the CS is presented alone (extinction). After a pause, the CR reappears (spontaneous recovery).
© 2011 by Worth Publishers

10. Garcia and Koelling (1966) Study
Biological preparedness: tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea with only a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.
Disproved Pavlov’s ideas concerning one trial learning, close temporal proximity, & equipotentiality. NS
UCS
Learned (CR)
Food, Light, & Clicker
Shock
Avoid Light (CS) and Clicker (CS)
Radiation (nausea)
Avoid Food (CS)

11. Learned Taste Aversions
Are there any foods that you cannot eat or could not eat at one time due to food poisoning or some other sickness that you had at the time?
A.k.a The Garcia Effect
When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong.
Even when food and sickness are hours apart.
Food must be salient (noticeable.)

12. Aversion Therapy
A form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.
Unpleasant sensations are associated with behavior, and behavior decreases or stops.
Differs from principles of operant conditioning.
In operant therapy, the aversive stimulus, usually called punishment, is presented after the behavior rather than together with it.

13. EQ: How is behavior affected by classical and operant conditioning?

14. Review and Preview

15. Vocabulary Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment
Discrimination
Shaping
Chaining
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

16. Edward Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
Instrumental Conditioning: Responses are strengthened when they are instrumental in producing a reward
Law of Effect: If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence , it will be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will not be repeated.

18. B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning: The focus is on the effect of consequences on voluntary (operant) behavior.

19. Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
(Token Economy)

20. Operant
Conditioning

21. Reinforcement and Punishment

22. Big Bang Theory: Operant Conditioning
Find the Mistake
Mistake Explained

23. Partial Reinforcement Schedule
FIXED
VARIABLE
RATIO
(# of Occurrences)
INTERVAL
(Passage of Time)

24. Partial Reinforcement Schedule

25. Figure 6.13 Intermittent reinforcement schedules Skinner’s laboratory pigeons produced these response patterns to each of four reinforcement schedules. (Reinforcers are indicated by diagonal marks.) For people, as for pigeons, reinforcement linked to number of responses (a ratio schedule) produces a higher response rate than reinforcement linked to amount of time elapsed (an interval schedule). But the predictability of the reward also matters. An unpredictable (variable) schedule produces more consistent responding than does a predictable (fixed) schedule.
© 2011 by Worth Publishers

26. Operant Conditioning at Work

27. Activator
Other that through classical and operant conditioning, how else does one learn?

28. Cognitive Factors in Learning
EQ: How is behavior affected by cognitive learning?

29. Vocabulary Latent learning Cognitive Map (Mental Map) Insight
Learned Helplessness
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura
Edward Tolman
Wolfgang Kohler
Martin Seligman

30. Cognitive Maps and Latent Learning
Edward Tolman’s Maze Study
Latent Learning: learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Challenged Skinner’s Theory (How?)
Cognitive/Mental Maps: Mental representations people rely on to understand complex patters.
Examples???

31. Kohler’s Insight Learning
How were the chimpanzees able to demonstrate insight?
Insight: a sudden “coming together” of all elements of a problem in a kin of “aha” moment
Example of insight learning

32. Seligman’s Learned Helplessness
Definition: Failure to continue exerting effort for an outcome because all previous attempts have failed
Martin Seligman’s (founder of positive psychology)
Dog Study: Original intent was to study escape or avoidance learning
Related it to Depression

33. Albert Bandura and Observational Learning
Observational Learning: learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Modeled: imitated the behavior that was observed

34. Cognitive Differences: Humans and Chimpanzees
According to the video, how does the learning behavior differ between human children and chimpanzees?