1. Fundamental rights and duties

2. Fundamental rights What are fundamental rights?
The basic rights of an individual to live life with safety and security.
Enshrined in the constitution and safeguarded by the State
Guaranteed to all citizens
Difficult for the State to withdraw these Rights. The process to make any changes is very cumbersome
If these rights are violated by any individual, corporate body or any arm of the State, the affected party can go to Court.

3. Fundamental rights we enjoy
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies

4. Fundamental Duties Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin
Rights are guaranteed to us by the State
In return we owe certain Fundamental Duties to the State
Some important fundamental duties are:
To respect the Constitution, the National Flag and the National Anthem
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of the country
To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so
To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all people in India.
To protect and improve our national environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife.

5. Directive Principles of State
What are Directive Principles?
Directions to the Government regarding the policies and actions they should take to achieve the objectives of a Welfare State.
Concept is borrowed from the Irish Constitution
The Government is not legally bound to implement it, but will work towards it.
Some directive principles are controversial – e.g. banning cow slaughter; prohibition of alcoholic drinks; Uniform Civil Code
Some Direct Principles have been converted into the nature of fundamental rights – e.g. ‘Right to Education’