1. International Law Human Rights

2. Is there such a thing as certain natural, historical, fundamental rights of humans? Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms (1941) Speech and expression Religion Economic want From fear of aggression

3. Human Rights Typical Western Constitutional/ fundamental/human rights Protection against government interference Protection against government abuse of power

4. Human Rights Or is it three generations of rights? First: individual freedoms from state interference Second: individual rights to State benefits Third: peace, fairness, equality for all

5. Human Rights Common thread? Individuals deserves to be protected and international community should ensure each individual is Even if it violates the number one rule of international law-sovereignty of the state????

6. Human Rights UN Charter, Article 55: the UN shall promote universal respect for, and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. In Article 56, all members pledge joint and individual action to achieve Article 55

7. Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Civil and Political Rights: Prohibit slavery, inhuman treatment, arbitrary arrest and arbitrary interference with privacy No discrimination Certain rights for individuals

8. Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Economic, social and cultural rights Social security, full employment and fair work conditions, adequate standard of living, education, and to participation in the cultural life of the community Legally required, morally obligated, a common goal, a pipe dream?????

9. Human Rights Cops without guns, ticket books, and power Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 1966 Covenants Human rights treaties

10. Human Rights A matter of international concern Investigation, discussion, and condemnation of human rights violations in a state now on equal footing with state sovereignty?? Slavery, genocide, apartheid, racial discrimination, torture: international crimes, jus cogens????? What’s a State to do?