1. Study Guide for Latin 2 National Latin Exam

2. Nouns: 1st 2ndM 2ndN 3rd 3rdN 4th 4th N 5th a us/r um --- --- us ū ēs
ae ī ī is is ūs ūs eī
ae ō ō ī ī uī ū eī
am um um em um ū em
ā ō ō e e ū ū ē
ae ī a ēs a ūs ua ēs
ārum ōrum ōrum um um uum uum ērum
Īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus
Ās ōs a ēs a ūs ua ēs

3. 1 Nominative: -subject and predicate nominative
2 Genitive: -possession (of, ‘s, s’);
3 Dative: -indirect object (to/for) verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting
4 Accusative: -direct object
-duration of time: e.g. sex diēs = for six days -extent of space: e.g. 10 feet deep
-accusative-infinitive construction (Indirect statement)
-object of the following prepositions:
ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -aroundin –into, onto, against
per -through post –after, behindcontra -against inter-between, among prope -neartrāns –across ob – on account of propter – because of
5 Ablative: -ablative of means -no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by
-ablative of time - no Latin preposition; e.g. in the summer, at dawn
-ablative of agent – w/passive verbs- use ā/ab = by
-ablative absolute – with the noun verbing/having been verbed
-object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE)
Sub -underSine –without In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for
Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away from, from Cum- with Ex/ē –out of, out from
6 Vocative: -direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?

4. Pronouns:

5. -personal: ego, tū, nōs, vōs I/me You We/us You/you Nom ego tū nōs vōs
Gen meī tuī nōstrum vestrum
Dat mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs
Acc mē tē nōs vōs
Abl mē tē nōbīs vōbīs

6. -relative: quī, quae, quod – who, which, whose, whom
Nom S quī quae quod
Gen S cuius cuius cuius
Dat S cui cui cui
Acc S quem quam quod
Abl S quō quā quō
Nom pl quī quae quae
Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum
Dat pl quibus quibus quibus
Acc pl quōs quās qua
Abl pl quibus quibus quibus

7. -interrogative: quis, quid (uses ? mark) – Who? what?
Nom S quisquisquid
Gen S cuius cuius cuius
Dat S cui cui cui
Acc Squem quem quid
Abl S quō quō quō
Nom pl quī quae quae
Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum
Dat plquibusquibusquibus
Acc pl quōsquās quae
Abl plquibusquibusquibus

8. -reflexive: meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī - self
meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī of … self
Mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs sibi to/for …self
mē tē nōs vōs sē …self
mē tē nōbīs vōbīs sēby/with/from…self

9. -demonstratives: hic, ille, is This/these That/those He She It
hic haec hoc ille illa illud is ea id
huius huius huius illius illius illius eius eius eius
Huic huic huic illī illī illī eī eī eī
hunc hanc hoc illum illam illud eum eam id
hōc hāc hōc illō illā illō eō eā eō
Hī hae haec illī illae illa eī eae ea
hōrumhārum hōrum illōrum illārum illōrum eōrum eārum eōrum
hīs hīs hīs illīs Illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs
hōs hās haec illōs illās illa eōs eās ea
hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs

10. Adjectives:
Declensions 1st (f) ,2nd (M), 2nd(N)
3rd (masc, fem and neuter)

11. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
BONUS/BENE
MELIOR/MELIUS
OPTIMUS/OPTIME
MALUS/MALE
PELIOR/PELIUS
PESSIMUS/PESSIME
MAGNUS/MAGNOPERE
MAIOR/MAIUS
MAXIMUS/MAXIME
PARVUS/PAULO
MINOR/MINUS
MINIMUS/MINIME
MULTUS/PAULUM
PLUS/PLUS
PLURIMUS/PLURIMUM

12. -noun and adjective agreement =
number, gender and case (don’t have to match declensions)
-interrogative: quot =how many
-degrees: positive, comparative, superlative in all 3 declensions
positive: (tall) --altus, a, um (1st/2nd Decl) or (brave,strong)-- fortis, e (3rd Decl)
comparative: (taller, more tall, rather tall) ----altior, altioris (all comparatives are 3rd declension) (M/F)
----altius, altioris (neuter)
superlative: (tallest, very tall, most tall) altissimus, a um; fortissimus, a, um (all in 1st/2nd declension)
variant superlatives: words which end in ‘r’ – errimus instead of issimus (celerrimus)
words which end in ‘l’ – illimus instead of issimus (facillimus)

13. Agricola servum _____ laudabat
Fortis
Fortem
Forte
Fortibus

14. Numbers:
Cardinal numbers ; unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem
100 –centum and mille
Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)
Ordinals:1st-10th: primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus, septimus, octavus, nonus, decimus

15. Adverbs: degrees: positive, comparative, superlative -positive forms
-formation 1st/2nd: replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully
-formation 3rd Decl: add –‘ter’ or ‘iter’ to the stem.
- comparative: add –ius to the base (any declension)
e.g. fortius –more bravely
-superlative: add –issimē, errimē or illimē to the base
e.g. fortissimē = most/very bravely
-interrogatives:cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) quando (when?)
-irregulars: bene (well), optimē (best) male (badly) pessimē (worst)

16. Conjunctions: aut, (or) et (and) quod (because) sed (but) ubi (when)
neque, (and not/neither/nor)
et...et, (both… and)
neque...neque (neither…nor)
aut…aut (either…or)
postquam; (afterwards)
quamquam; (although)
nec…nec (neither…nor)

17. Enclitic:
-ne (indicates a yes/no question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc)
-que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; puerī puellaeque (boys and girls)
- cum (attach to pronouns-e.g. tēcum = with you)

18. Verbs: Translations: Present: I verb; I do verb; I am verbing
Imperfect: I was verbing; I used to verb
Future: I shall/will verb
Perfect:I have verbed; I verbed; I did verb
Pluperfect: I had verbed
Future Perfect: I shall/will have verbed

19. Passive Verbs: Translations:
Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect , Future Perfect
Present: I am verbed; I am being verbed
Imperfect: I was being verbed; I used to be verbed; I was verbed
Future: I shall/will be verbed
Perfect: I have been verbed; I was verbed
Pluperfect: I had been verbed
Future Perfect: I shall/will have been verbed

20. Subjunctive Active Present Imp Fut1/2;3/4 Prfct Plu Fut Perf
I -ō -bam -bō-am -ī -eram -erō
You -s -bās -bis-ēs -istī -erās -eris
s/he -t -bat -bit-et -it -erat -erit
We -mus -bāmus -bimus-ēmus -imus -erāmus -erimus
You -tis -bātis -bitis –ētis -istis -erātis -eritis
They-nt -bant -bunt-ent -ērunt -erant -erint

21. Passive present imperfect fut1/2;3/4 perfect pluperfect,
-(o)r -bar bor -ar 4pp+sum pp + eram
-ris -bāris beris -ēris 4pp + es pp + erās
-tur -bātur bitur -ētur 4pp+est pp+erat
-mur -bāmur bimur-ēmur 4pp+sumus 4pp+ erāmus
-minī -bāminī biminī /-ēminī 4pp+estis pp+erātis
-ntur -bantur buntur/-ēntur 4pp + sunt 4pp + erant

22. Imperatives -present active imperative singular and plural : = verb!
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte
-negative imperative with noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb!

23. Infintives -present active infinitive= to verb -āre -ēre -ere -īre
-present passive infinitive=to be verbed -ārī-ērī-ī -īrī
-perfect active infinitive= to have verbeduse the 3rd principal part + ssee.g. amāvisse
-perfect passive infinitive=to have been verbed use the 4pp + esse e.g. amātus esse
-future active =to be about to verbuse the 4pp+ ūrus + esse e.g. amatūrus esse
-infinitives in indirect statement (with accusative subject)

24. Present -ns, ntis = verbing e.g. amans, monens, veniens (3rd Decl)
-participles:
Present -ns, ntis = verbing e.g. amans, monens, veniens (3rd Decl)
Perfect 4pp + us, a, um = having been verbed amatus, monitus, etc (1st/2nd Decl)
Future 4pp + ūrus, a, um = about to verb/going to verb (1st/2nd Decl)

25. Irregular verb: sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be):
PresentImperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
sum eram erō fuī fueram fuerō
I am, was, will be, have been, had been, will have been
es erās eris fuistī fuerās fueris
You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been
esterat eritfuitfueratfuerit He, is, was, will be, has been, , had been, will have been
sumus erāmus erimus fuimus fuerāmus fuerimus We are,were, will be,have been,had been,will have been
estiserātis eritis fuistis fuerātis fueritis You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been
sunt erant erunt fuērunt fuerant fuerint They are,were,will be, have been , had been,will have been

26. Irregular Verb: possum, posse, potuī—(to be able)
I am able/canI was able/couldI will be able I have been able I had been ableI shall have been able
possum poterampoterō potuī potuerampotuerō
potes poterāspoterispotuistīpotuerās potueris
potestpoteratpoterit potuit potuerat potuerit
posumus poterāmuspoterimuspotuimuspotuerāmus potuerimus
potestispoterātis poteritis potuistispotuerātis potueritis
possuntpoterant poterunt potuēruntpotuerant potuerint

27. Irregular Verb: Volo, Velle, Volui, Volutus
I want I wanted I will want I have wantedI had wanted I shall have wanted
volōvolēbam volamvoluī volueram voluerō
vīs volēbās volēsvoluistī voluerās volueris
vultvolēbatvolet voluit voluerat voluerit
volumus volēbāmus volēmusvoluimus voluerāmus voluerimus
vultis volēbātisvolētis voluistisvoluerātis volueritis
volunt volēbant volent voluērunt voluerant voluerint

28. Irregular Verb: Eo, ire, ivi, itus
I go I was goingI shall go I have goneI had gone I shall have gone
Eō ībam ībō iī ieram
is ībās ībis īstī ierās
it ībat ībit iit ierat
imus ībāmus ībimus iimus ierāmus
itis ībātis ībitis īstis ierātis
Eunt ibant ībunt iērunt ierant
Present Imperatives:(Sing) ī (go!) (Plural) īte (go!)

29. Fero Ferre Tuli Latus
I carryI carriedI shall carrt I have carried I had carried I shall have carried
ferō ferēbam feram tulītuleram tulerō
fers ferēbās ferēs tulistī tulerās tuleris
fert ferēbat feret tulit tulerat tulerit
ferimus ferēbāmus ferēmus tulimus tulerāmus tulerimus
fertis ferēbātisferētistulistis tulerātistuleritis
ferunt ferēbant ferenttulērunt tuleranttulerint

30. PASSIVE: To be carried
feror ferēbar ferar lātus sum lātus eram lātus erō
ferris (re) ferēbāris (re) ferēris (re)lātus eslātus erās lātus eris
fertur ferēbāturferētur lātus est lātus erat lātus erit
ferimur ferēbāmur ferēmur lātus sumus lātus erāmus lātus erimus
feriminī ferēbāminī ferēminī lātus estis lātus erātislātus eritis
ferunturferēbantur ferentur lātus sunt lātus erantlātus erunt
Present Imperatives:(sing) fer (bear!) (Plural) ferte (bear!)
impersonal verbs: licet = it is permitted; placet – it is pleasing (usually plus a dative)

31. II. CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
-Geography: Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Germania, Aegyptus
-Bodies of water: Mare Nostrum, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Black Sea
-Rivers: Tiber River; Rhine River, Po River, Nile River, Rubicon River
-Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts
-Provinces, e.g., Africa, Gallia, Asia Minor,
-Major cities: Carthage, Troy, Athens
-Islands: Sicilia, Creta

32. Roman world Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Mare Nostrum,
Tiber River

33. Important Italian locations
Ostia,
Pompeii,
Mt. Vesuvius,
Brundisium,
Apennine Mts

34. Provinces and major cities,
Africa,
Athens,
Gallia,
Carthage,
Asia Minor,
Troy

35. History:-Basic historical divisions:
Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials
--Kings of Rome: 1. Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius,
5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius, 7. Tarquinius Superbus
Republic – 509 BC-27BC – consuls are highest officials
--Early Roman heroes:Horatius, Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola
--Prominent historical characters: Hannibal; Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Spartacus
-- Major events of Roman history: Punic Wars, Caesar's conquest of Gaul
Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials
--Prominent historical characters: Augustus, Marc Antony, Cleopatra

36. -Mythology:
Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols, duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus
Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva;
Major heroes, e.g., Hercules, Aeneas, Jason and Medea, Odysseus, Perseus, Theseus, Daedalus
Monsters Medusa, Cyclops, Minotaur, Chimera
Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen
The Underworld, e.g., Cerberus, Charon, Prosperina, Styx, Pluto

37. -Roman life:
-city of Rome, e.g., Forum, Circus Maximus, Colosseum; Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia
-basic housing, e.g., villa, atrium; triclinium, insulae
-clothing, e.g., toga, tunica, stola;
-Roman household, e.g., pater, mater, servus, filius, filia
-meals, e.g., ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina
-architectural structures and their functions: e.g., aqueduct, thermae (baths), circus, (chariot racing)
amphitheater (gladiatorial battles), curia (senate house), theatrum (theater, stage performances)
basilica, (law courts)

38. III. LATIN IN USE

39. -Basic spoken phrases:
Salve, salvete hello
Quid agis? How are you? / What are you doing?
Quid est nomen tibi?What is your name? Vale, valete goodbye
Ita vero, Yes!
Minime, no!
Quid est? What is it?Quis est? Who is it?
Gratias tibi ago, Thank you Sol lucet, The sun is shining
Quota hora est? What time is it? Adsum,I am present
Quid novi? What’s new?
Quaenam est tempestas? What is the weather?
Surge, surgite Rise, get up
Ignosce mihi Excuse me.
Bene respondisti You responded well

40. -Derivatives:
English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes e.g., agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped, introspection, omniscient, incredulous, benevolent

41. -Expressions tempus fugit, (time flies) carpe diem Veni vidi vici,
Summa cum laude,
per annum,
caveat emptor,
status quo,
Ad astra per aspera
Nolo contendere
Sine die
Ab ovo usque ad mala
Dum spiro spero
Amor omnia vincit
Verbum sapienti sat est.
Bona fide
Ignorantia legis neminem excusat
Habeas corpus

42. -Mottoes
E pluribus unum, (one out of many) ad astra per aspera, ars longa, vita brevis
-Abbreviations N.B., (nota bene= note well), a.m. i.e., A.D., et al, vs.,