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Study Guide for Latin 2 National Latin Exam
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Nouns: 1st 2ndM 2ndN 3rd 3rdN 4th 4th N 5th a us/r um --- --- us ū ēs
ae ī ī is is ūs ūs eī ae ō ō ī ī uī ū eī am um um em um ū em ā ō ō e e ū ū ē ae ī a ēs a ūs ua ēs ārum ōrum ōrum um um uum uum ērum Īs īs īs ibus ibus ibus ibus ēbus Ās ōs a ēs a ūs ua ēs
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1 Nominative: -subject and predicate nominative
2 Genitive: -possession (of, ‘s, s’); 3 Dative: -indirect object (to/for) verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting 4 Accusative: -direct object -duration of time: e.g. sex diēs = for six days -extent of space: e.g. 10 feet deep -accusative-infinitive construction (Indirect statement) -object of the following prepositions: ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -aroundin –into, onto, against per -through post –after, behindcontra -against inter-between, among prope -neartrāns –across ob – on account of propter – because of 5 Ablative: -ablative of means -no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by -ablative of time - no Latin preposition; e.g. in the summer, at dawn -ablative of agent – w/passive verbs- use ā/ab = by -ablative absolute – with the noun verbing/having been verbed -object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE) Sub -underSine –without In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away from, from Cum- with Ex/ē –out of, out from 6 Vocative: -direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?
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Pronouns:
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-personal: ego, tū, nōs, vōs I/me You We/us You/you Nom ego tū nōs vōs
Gen meī tuī nōstrum vestrum Dat mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs Acc mē tē nōs vōs Abl mē tē nōbīs vōbīs
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-relative: quī, quae, quod – who, which, whose, whom
Nom S quī quae quod Gen S cuius cuius cuius Dat S cui cui cui Acc S quem quam quod Abl S quō quā quō Nom pl quī quae quae Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum Dat pl quibus quibus quibus Acc pl quōs quās qua Abl pl quibus quibus quibus
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-interrogative: quis, quid (uses ? mark) – Who? what?
Nom S quisquisquid Gen S cuius cuius cuius Dat S cui cui cui Acc Squem quem quid Abl S quō quō quō Nom pl quī quae quae Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum Dat plquibusquibusquibus Acc pl quōsquās quae Abl plquibusquibusquibus
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-reflexive: meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī - self
meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī of … self Mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs sibi to/for …self mē tē nōs vōs sē …self mē tē nōbīs vōbīs sēby/with/from…self
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-demonstratives: hic, ille, is This/these That/those He She It
hic haec hoc ille illa illud is ea id huius huius huius illius illius illius eius eius eius Huic huic huic illī illī illī eī eī eī hunc hanc hoc illum illam illud eum eam id hōc hāc hōc illō illā illō eō eā eō Hī hae haec illī illae illa eī eae ea hōrumhārum hōrum illōrum illārum illōrum eōrum eārum eōrum hīs hīs hīs illīs Illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs hōs hās haec illōs illās illa eōs eās ea hīs hīs hīs illīs illīs illīs eīs eīs eīs
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Adjectives: Declensions 1st (f) ,2nd (M), 2nd(N) 3rd (masc, fem and neuter)
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IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE/ADVERB
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE BONUS/BENE MELIOR/MELIUS OPTIMUS/OPTIME MALUS/MALE PELIOR/PELIUS PESSIMUS/PESSIME MAGNUS/MAGNOPERE MAIOR/MAIUS MAXIMUS/MAXIME PARVUS/PAULO MINOR/MINUS MINIMUS/MINIME MULTUS/PAULUM PLUS/PLUS PLURIMUS/PLURIMUM
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-noun and adjective agreement =
number, gender and case (don’t have to match declensions) -interrogative: quot =how many -degrees: positive, comparative, superlative in all 3 declensions positive: (tall) --altus, a, um (1st/2nd Decl) or (brave,strong)-- fortis, e (3rd Decl) comparative: (taller, more tall, rather tall) ----altior, altioris (all comparatives are 3rd declension) (M/F) ----altius, altioris (neuter) superlative: (tallest, very tall, most tall) altissimus, a um; fortissimus, a, um (all in 1st/2nd declension) variant superlatives: words which end in ‘r’ – errimus instead of issimus (celerrimus) words which end in ‘l’ – illimus instead of issimus (facillimus)
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Agricola servum _____ laudabat
Fortis Fortem Forte Fortibus
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Numbers: Cardinal numbers ; unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem 100 –centum and mille Roman numerals 1-100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000) Ordinals:1st-10th: primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus, septimus, octavus, nonus, decimus
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Adverbs: degrees: positive, comparative, superlative -positive forms
-formation 1st/2nd: replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully -formation 3rd Decl: add –‘ter’ or ‘iter’ to the stem. - comparative: add –ius to the base (any declension) e.g. fortius –more bravely -superlative: add –issimē, errimē or illimē to the base e.g. fortissimē = most/very bravely -interrogatives:cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) quando (when?) -irregulars: bene (well), optimē (best) male (badly) pessimē (worst)
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Conjunctions: aut, (or) et (and) quod (because) sed (but) ubi (when)
neque, (and not/neither/nor) et...et, (both… and) neque...neque (neither…nor) aut…aut (either…or) postquam; (afterwards) quamquam; (although) nec…nec (neither…nor)
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Enclitic: -ne (indicates a yes/no question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc) -que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; puerī puellaeque (boys and girls) - cum (attach to pronouns-e.g. tēcum = with you)
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Verbs: Translations: Present: I verb; I do verb; I am verbing
Imperfect: I was verbing; I used to verb Future: I shall/will verb Perfect:I have verbed; I verbed; I did verb Pluperfect: I had verbed Future Perfect: I shall/will have verbed
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Passive Verbs: Translations:
Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect , Future Perfect Present: I am verbed; I am being verbed Imperfect: I was being verbed; I used to be verbed; I was verbed Future: I shall/will be verbed Perfect: I have been verbed; I was verbed Pluperfect: I had been verbed Future Perfect: I shall/will have been verbed
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Subjunctive Active Present Imp Fut1/2;3/4 Prfct Plu Fut Perf
I -ō -bam -bō-am -ī -eram -erō You -s -bās -bis-ēs -istī -erās -eris s/he -t -bat -bit-et -it -erat -erit We -mus -bāmus -bimus-ēmus -imus -erāmus -erimus You -tis -bātis -bitis –ētis -istis -erātis -eritis They-nt -bant -bunt-ent -ērunt -erant -erint
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Passive present imperfect fut1/2;3/4 perfect pluperfect,
-(o)r -bar bor -ar 4pp+sum pp + eram -ris -bāris beris -ēris 4pp + es pp + erās -tur -bātur bitur -ētur 4pp+est pp+erat -mur -bāmur bimur-ēmur 4pp+sumus 4pp+ erāmus -minī -bāminī biminī /-ēminī 4pp+estis pp+erātis -ntur -bantur buntur/-ēntur 4pp + sunt 4pp + erant
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Imperatives -present active imperative singular and plural : = verb!
1st 2nd 3rd 4th ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte -negative imperative with noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb!
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Infintives -present active infinitive= to verb -āre -ēre -ere -īre
-present passive infinitive=to be verbed -ārī-ērī-ī -īrī -perfect active infinitive= to have verbeduse the 3rd principal part + ssee.g. amāvisse -perfect passive infinitive=to have been verbed use the 4pp + esse e.g. amātus esse -future active =to be about to verbuse the 4pp+ ūrus + esse e.g. amatūrus esse -infinitives in indirect statement (with accusative subject)
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Present -ns, ntis = verbing e.g. amans, monens, veniens (3rd Decl)
-participles: Present -ns, ntis = verbing e.g. amans, monens, veniens (3rd Decl) Perfect 4pp + us, a, um = having been verbed amatus, monitus, etc (1st/2nd Decl) Future 4pp + ūrus, a, um = about to verb/going to verb (1st/2nd Decl)
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Irregular verb: sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be):
PresentImperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect sum eram erō fuī fueram fuerō I am, was, will be, have been, had been, will have been es erās eris fuistī fuerās fueris You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been esterat eritfuitfueratfuerit He, is, was, will be, has been, , had been, will have been sumus erāmus erimus fuimus fuerāmus fuerimus We are,were, will be,have been,had been,will have been estiserātis eritis fuistis fuerātis fueritis You are, were, will be, have been, had been,will have been sunt erant erunt fuērunt fuerant fuerint They are,were,will be, have been , had been,will have been
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Irregular Verb: possum, posse, potuī—(to be able)
I am able/canI was able/couldI will be able I have been able I had been ableI shall have been able possum poterampoterō potuī potuerampotuerō potes poterāspoterispotuistīpotuerās potueris potestpoteratpoterit potuit potuerat potuerit posumus poterāmuspoterimuspotuimuspotuerāmus potuerimus potestispoterātis poteritis potuistispotuerātis potueritis possuntpoterant poterunt potuēruntpotuerant potuerint
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Irregular Verb: Volo, Velle, Volui, Volutus
I want I wanted I will want I have wantedI had wanted I shall have wanted volōvolēbam volamvoluī volueram voluerō vīs volēbās volēsvoluistī voluerās volueris vultvolēbatvolet voluit voluerat voluerit volumus volēbāmus volēmusvoluimus voluerāmus voluerimus vultis volēbātisvolētis voluistisvoluerātis volueritis volunt volēbant volent voluērunt voluerant voluerint
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Irregular Verb: Eo, ire, ivi, itus
I go I was goingI shall go I have goneI had gone I shall have gone Eō ībam ībō iī ieram is ībās ībis īstī ierās it ībat ībit iit ierat imus ībāmus ībimus iimus ierāmus itis ībātis ībitis īstis ierātis Eunt ibant ībunt iērunt ierant Present Imperatives:(Sing) ī (go!) (Plural) īte (go!)
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Fero Ferre Tuli Latus I carryI carriedI shall carrt I have carried I had carried I shall have carried ferō ferēbam feram tulītuleram tulerō fers ferēbās ferēs tulistī tulerās tuleris fert ferēbat feret tulit tulerat tulerit ferimus ferēbāmus ferēmus tulimus tulerāmus tulerimus fertis ferēbātisferētistulistis tulerātistuleritis ferunt ferēbant ferenttulērunt tuleranttulerint
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PASSIVE: To be carried feror ferēbar ferar lātus sum lātus eram lātus erō ferris (re) ferēbāris (re) ferēris (re)lātus eslātus erās lātus eris fertur ferēbāturferētur lātus est lātus erat lātus erit ferimur ferēbāmur ferēmur lātus sumus lātus erāmus lātus erimus feriminī ferēbāminī ferēminī lātus estis lātus erātislātus eritis ferunturferēbantur ferentur lātus sunt lātus erantlātus erunt Present Imperatives:(sing) fer (bear!) (Plural) ferte (bear!) impersonal verbs: licet = it is permitted; placet – it is pleasing (usually plus a dative)
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II. CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
-Geography: Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Germania, Aegyptus -Bodies of water: Mare Nostrum, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Black Sea -Rivers: Tiber River; Rhine River, Po River, Nile River, Rubicon River -Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts -Provinces, e.g., Africa, Gallia, Asia Minor, -Major cities: Carthage, Troy, Athens -Islands: Sicilia, Creta
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Roman world Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Mare Nostrum,
Tiber River
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Important Italian locations
Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts
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Provinces and major cities,
Africa, Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor, Troy
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History:-Basic historical divisions:
Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials --Kings of Rome: 1. Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius, 5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius, 7. Tarquinius Superbus Republic – 509 BC-27BC – consuls are highest officials --Early Roman heroes:Horatius, Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola --Prominent historical characters: Hannibal; Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Spartacus -- Major events of Roman history: Punic Wars, Caesar's conquest of Gaul Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials --Prominent historical characters: Augustus, Marc Antony, Cleopatra
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-Mythology: Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols, duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva; Major heroes, e.g., Hercules, Aeneas, Jason and Medea, Odysseus, Perseus, Theseus, Daedalus Monsters Medusa, Cyclops, Minotaur, Chimera Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen The Underworld, e.g., Cerberus, Charon, Prosperina, Styx, Pluto
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-Roman life: -city of Rome, e.g., Forum, Circus Maximus, Colosseum; Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia -basic housing, e.g., villa, atrium; triclinium, insulae -clothing, e.g., toga, tunica, stola; -Roman household, e.g., pater, mater, servus, filius, filia -meals, e.g., ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina -architectural structures and their functions: e.g., aqueduct, thermae (baths), circus, (chariot racing) amphitheater (gladiatorial battles), curia (senate house), theatrum (theater, stage performances) basilica, (law courts)
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III. LATIN IN USE
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-Basic spoken phrases:
Salve, salvete hello Quid agis? How are you? / What are you doing? Quid est nomen tibi?What is your name? Vale, valete goodbye Ita vero, Yes! Minime, no! Quid est? What is it?Quis est? Who is it? Gratias tibi ago, Thank you Sol lucet, The sun is shining Quota hora est? What time is it? Adsum,I am present Quid novi? What’s new? Quaenam est tempestas? What is the weather? Surge, surgite Rise, get up Ignosce mihi Excuse me. Bene respondisti You responded well
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-Derivatives: English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes e.g., agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped, introspection, omniscient, incredulous, benevolent
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-Expressions tempus fugit, (time flies) carpe diem Veni vidi vici,
Summa cum laude, per annum, caveat emptor, status quo, Ad astra per aspera Nolo contendere Sine die Ab ovo usque ad mala Dum spiro spero Amor omnia vincit Verbum sapienti sat est. Bona fide Ignorantia legis neminem excusat Habeas corpus
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-Mottoes E pluribus unum, (one out of many) ad astra per aspera, ars longa, vita brevis -Abbreviations N.B., (nota bene= note well), a.m. i.e., A.D., et al, vs.,
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