1. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Most were administrators of kings and princes.
study 4 to 6 years and pass an oral examination
question, sources with opposing opinions, reconciliation, and conclusions
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

2. The Revival of Trade
11th & 12th centuries = revival of trade & the growth of towns changed the economy of Europe from agricultural to a mix of agricultural & commercial.
Italian cities took the lead.
trade increased & the demand for gold & silver coins arose, so a money economy developed.
Trading companies & banking firms were established.

3. The Revival of Trade (cont.)
Led to the rise of commercial capitalism–people invested in trade & goods to make a profit (“commercial revolution”)
Merchants began to settle in the old Roman cities.
Artisans followed (had the skills to make the items that merchants could sell.)

4. The Growth of Cities (cont.)
Merchants built a settlement near a castle on a trade route, & the lord would offer protection.
Medieval cities were small & had expensive stone walls around them for protection.
merchants & artisans of these cities later came to be called burghers or bourgeoisie from the German word burg, which means “a walled enclosure.”

5. The Growth of Cities (cont.)
Medieval cities were not pleasant.
the space within the walls was crowded.
They were dirty & smelled from human & animal waste.
Wood fires created air pollution.
Streets were narrow, with the second & third story of buildings reaching out over the streets.
Fire danger was great.
Buildings were mostly wood, & candles & wood fires were used for light & heat.
Largest cities = Venice, Florence, & Milan each had more than 80,000 inhabitants.

6. The Growth of Cities (cont.)
Cities & towns became manufacturing centers.
variety of goods manufactured in the houses: cloth, metalwork, shoes, & leather goods.
12th century: craftspeople organized themselves into guilds, or business associations (merchant guilds followed)

7. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
sacraments (Christian rites) = crucial part of ordinary people’s lives
baptism, marriage, & the Eucharist
means for receiving God’s grace & salvation.
Administered by clergy
Veneration of the saints = men & women who were considered especially holy
able to ask for favors from God for people who prayed to them.
pilgrimage to holy shrines, such as the Holy City of Jerusalem (spiritual benefit.)

8. The Rise of Universities
universities, with faculty, students, & degrees=product of the High Middle Ages.
Medieval universities = educational guilds, or corporations, that produced educated & trained individuals.
1st European university was in Bologna, Italy.
By 1500, Europe had 80 universities.
traditional liberal arts curriculum, which included grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, & astronomy.

9. The Rise of Universities (cont.)
lecture method–they would read from a basic text & then add their explanations.
Students earned degrees by passing an oral exam given after a four- or six-year period of study.
After completing the liberal arts curriculum, a student could continue to study law, medicine, or theology.

10. Architecture
Building boom (mostly churches) in the 11th & 12th centuries.
built in the Romanesque style.
barrel-vaulted roofs (extremely heavy & required massive pillars & walls)
little room for windows, so Romanesque churches were dark inside.

11. Architecture (cont.)
Gothic style appeared in the 12th century & was perfected in the 13th.
2 basic innovations
replacing the barrel vault with a combination of ribbed vaults & pointed arches.
flying buttress, arched support of stone built onto the outside of the walls.
distribute the weight of the church’s vaulted ceiling outward & down
relatively thin walls could be filled with magnificent stained glass windows.