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2. AP Environmental Science Review #10
The Urban Environment
AP Environmental Science Review #10

3. Define the terms. Urbanization
A shift from rural countryside living to densely populated city living
Suburbs
The smaller communities that surround cities

4. Provide two reasons urban populations are growing.
The human population is growing (exponentially!)
More people are moving away from farms and into cities for job opportunities

5. What are some variables which will determine whether or not a city will attract residents?
Climate, topography, waterways, job opportunities, reasonable standard of living

6. What has allowed resource-poor cities to survive?
Fossil fuels have allowed for efficient transport of goods and natural resources that are not readily accessible within certain cities

7. What is sprawl, and what invention helped encourage this phenomenon?
Sprawl is the spread of lower- density development outward from a city-center. Automobiles encouraged this, because individuals were able to move further distances to get to work.

8. Describe how sprawl negatively effects the environment.
Sprawl limits transportation options, which puts more single-person vehicles on the road. This results in more CO2 emissions and oil consumption. More habitat is also destroyed for development.

9. Describe how sprawl relates to human health.
Driving often takes the place of walking, so sprawl can promote an unhealthy lifestyle.

10. Why might individuals living in the city be opposed to sprawl?
Tax dollars are being used to build infrastructure away from the city- center. People living in the city will likely not benefit from these changes, and they may argue sprawl is taking money away from improving the city center where more people live.

11. Name the Term
The professional pursuit of designing cities to improve efficiency, functionality, and beauty
City planning
The practice of classifying different areas for specific development purposes
Zoning

12. Provide points in support and opposition of zoning.
Support: It can ensure cities are planned for efficiency and functionality. It can protect scenic areas from development.
Opposition: It can impede the choice of individuals and businesses to build where they want to.

13. Describe the goals of new urbanism.
New urbanism’s main goal is to create walkable cities. Businesses, schools, and residences are all planned along walking paths for convenience. This requires less vehicle use, and creates a sense of community.

14. Provide urban transportation options other than personal vehicles.
Bicycle transport, mass transit (buses, subways, and light rails), walking
 City planning with public transport in mind can help reduce air pollution and road traffic

15. Provide some strategies for encouraging public transport.
Raising fuel taxes, tax inefficient modes of transportation, add carpool lanes to roads, add bicycle and walking lanes, and charge trucks for road damage

16. What are some of the benefits of green spaces in urban areas?
Attract visitors, provide residents with peace and recreational opportunities, purify air and water, provide wildlife with habitat etc.

17. Name the Term
Strips of walking trails that connect parks or neighborhoods
Greenways
Corridors or parkland often encircling urban areas
Greenbelts

18. Which building certification program is regulated by the U. S
Which building certification program is regulated by the U.S. Green Building Council?
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification program

19. Provide examples of environmentally friendly building strategies.
Using FSC certified lumber for the construction, installing solar panels, taking advantage of natural light with large sun-facing windows, using recycled building materials, harvesting water in rain-barrels etc.

20. Urban areas are considered to be “resource sinks
Urban areas are considered to be “resource sinks.” Explain what this means.
They make very few of the products they are using themselves, and need to ship in most of what their residents purchase from distant places.

21. True/False
Residents of urban areas tend to have larger carbon footprints than residents of rural areas.
True
Light pollution can disturb animal migration.
True; light can block the view of the stars which some animals use to help orient themselves

22. True/False Unwanted noise can be considered a type of pollution. True
Urban areas tend to be colder than the surrounding areas.
False; they tend to be warmer due to dark surfaces absorbing heat. This is known as the urban heat island effect.

23. Describe the goal of urban ecology.
To view urban areas as ecosystems, by understanding how all of the parts of the city are interrelated. For example, road placement will determine which businesses are most accessible to residents.