1. Chapter 19 -1: Europeans Explore the East
Motivated by Christian faith and a desire for profit, Europeans explore distant lands, while Japanese and Chinese rulers isolate their societies from Europeans.

2. God! Glory! Gold!

3. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

4. Trade with the East Desire for new sources of wealth was the
main reason for European exploration.
Trade had previously been dominated by
Muslims and Italians
To smash the monopoly, Portugal and Spain
financed expeditions seeking an all water route to
the Far East

5. European Curiosity Reports from Marco Polo
Renaissance spirit of inquiry.

6. Scientific Progress Realization that the earth was round and not flat
Improved maps
Better compass
Astrolabe
Caravel
Sextant

7. The sextant measures the height of stars above the horizon – to determine altitude and longitude. Replaced astrolabe in 1700s.
Astrolabe:
Using the rings to sight the stars and determine latitude.

8. Caravel
Average Caravel was 65 feet long, and had triangular sails, could hold supplies for long voyages, could explore close to shore because the boat was not deep.
Makes it possible to sail against the wind.

9. Spread of Christianity
“to serve god and his majesty, to give light to those who have darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do so”
Bart Dias

10. Prince Henry the Navigator
He opened a school in Portugal for mapmakers, navigators, and shipbuilders. His main interest was the coast of Africa.
He never sailed.

11. Bart Dias
In 1488 Bart reached the southern most tip of Africa, called the Cape of Good Hope. A storm blew him around the tip and he explored the SE coast. Dias was forced to turn back when his food supplies were low.

12. Portuguese Were the first to reach the east by water.
They were the first to establish trading posts along the coast of Africa.
Portugal’s most enthusiastic supporter was the son of the king.

13. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

14. Vasco Da Gama
First Portuguese explorer to make it to Calicut, India. They gained a direct route to east.

16. Spain Joins in Exploration
Spain became envious of how rich Portugal was getting and decided to get involved.
Monarchs financed expedition to find water route to the east.

17. Columbus
Columbus planned to reach the east by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. He encountered two continents that were unknown to the Europeans – Americas. Opens them up for exploration and colonization.

18. Columbus’ Four Voyages

19. Map of Known World before Columbus

20. Treaty of Tordesillas
Portugal and Spain enter period of conflict over lands in “east”
Pope Alexander VI settled dispute by creating the Line of Demarcation

21. Ferdinand Magellan

22. Ferdinand Magellan

23. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

24. Portugal’s Trading Empire
In 1509, Portugal defeats the Muslims and takes over Indian Ocean trade.
In 1510, Portugal captures Goa, port city in western India.
In 1511, Portugal seizes Malacca
These gains break Muslim-Italian hold on Asian trade.

25. Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese
English and Dutch begin moving into Asia in 17th century.
Dutch had more ships (20,000) than any other nation in 1600.
Dutch and English weaken Portuguese control of Asian trade.
Dutch form Dutch East India Company for Asian trade.

26. Writing Assignment 3 Paragraphs Total: Paragraph 1:
Opinion of which technological advancement was most important and why.
Paragraph 2:
Which explorer had the most impact on history? Explain what they did and its importance.
Paragraph 3:
If you could go back in time, what modern object would you take? Why? What would be the consequences on introducing this object during this time period?

27. Spain Builds an American Empire
Chapter 20 Section 1

28. Christopher Columbus (AGAIN)
August 3rd, 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue.
Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
His goal was to find an all water route to Asia by sailing west.
Sighted land on October 12th, 1492.
It was the America’s – probably the Bahamas.
Before he died Columbus made a total of 4 voyages to the Americas.

29. Columbus landed on Hispaniola – present day Haiti and Dominican Republic. Once he landed he spent three months searching this island and Cuba looking for riches.

30. Amerigo Vespucci
In 1507 an Italian explorer called Amerigo suggested that Columbus had not found Asia but had discovered a “new world.”
In honor of Vespucci, the name of America began to appear on maps that included the newly discovered land.

31. At first, the name of America was only meant to apply to South America, but later on, both continents of America became known by his name.
He went on at least two, and possibly four, voyages to Central and South America between 1497 and 1504 for Spain and Portugal. He went to many places, including Venezuela and Brazil.

32. Pedro Alvares Cabral Portuguese explorer.
In 1500 he reached the shores of modern day Brazil and claimed the land for Portugal.

34. Balboa
Born in or near the year 1457, the Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa was the first European to see the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean. He sighted the ocean in 1513 from a mountaintop in what is now Panama. Upon reaching the shore, Balboa waded into the ocean and claimed it and all its shores for Spain.

36. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

37. Hernan Cortes
Lured by rumors of lands filled with gold and silver, Cortes and his men were the first Europeans to settle in the Americas.
Cortes and his men are known for conquering the Aztecs.
3 reasons why it was so easy:
Superior weaponry
Help from natives
European diseases.

39. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

40. Francisco Pizarro
In 1532 he conquered the Incan Empire of Peru

41. Spain’s Empire 2 goals for empire: Convert natives to Christianity
Acquire wealth
Spain became the wealthiest European nation during the 16th century.

42. Ponce De Leon
Claimed Florida for the Spanish. Most noted for his attempts to find the Fountain of Youth.

43. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor. .

44. European Nations Settle in North America
Chapter 20 Section 2

45. France
Verrazano – 1524, Explored the Atlantic coast of North America; first to sail into New York Harbor.
Cartier – 1535, explored the St. Lawrence River.
Champlain – 1608, explored eastern Canada and northern New England; founded Quebec.
Marquette and Joliet – 1673, Explored the upper Mississippi River Valley
La Salle – Explored lower Misssissippi and claimed it all for France. Named it Louisiana.

46. France Continued
Land holdings covered what is now mid-western U.S. and eastern Canada.
It was not densely populated.
They did not want to build towns or raise families but wanted to make money from the land.

47. England
In 1606 King James I granted a charter to the Virginia company to found a colony along the shores of North America
Joint-Stock companies funded English colonies.
150 passengers on Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed reached Virginia in 1607.
Established first permanent settlement and called it Jamestown.
It encountered a rough start but would eventually flourish.

48. England – Other Colonies
City on a Hill – Massachusetts Bay
Founded by Puritans
1630
2. Plymouth
1620
Sought religious freedom

49. Dutch
Henry Hudson – 1609, entered new York Harbor and sailed up the Hudson River.
In 1621, the Dutch government granted the newly formed Dutch West India Company permission to colonize.
New Amsterdam (New York), founded in 1625, became New Netherlands capital.
Became a diverse colony.

50. Struggle for North America
English vs. Dutch
English dominated w/o a shot being fired.
New Amsterdam was renamed New York.
English vs. French
French and English empires collided and came to blows.
French/Indian war, 7 years war
England victors

51. Native American Responses
French and Dutch had cooperative relationships with Natives, English did not.
Led to King Philips war.
King Philip (Metacom) was native leader who organized tribes against English.
His head would be displayed in Plymouth for 20 years.