1. When you come in… [5 mins.]
Take a notes worksheet for missed days – Friday before last (11/21), Monday (11/24), and/or Tuesday (11/25). They are labeled at the back. Please check the class website under “Unit 9” or with a peer to get these missing notes.
Take Homework #9 worksheets if you were absent. If you were absent Friday, take the 1st page (#1-80); if you were absent Tuesday, take the 2nd page (#81-119).
Check to see if your name is on the board to make up a test. You will need to make it up tomorrow afternoon if you do not want a 0 for it on your progress report (handed out Wednesday). Please check the website under the unit number for that test, to access the review slides.
Have today’s notes & HW #9 ready to begin.

2. Civil War – Red Army vs. White Army (1918-1922)
Red = Communists
White = anti-Communists, such as people loyal to the czar, political opponents of the Bolsheviks, and the Allied Powers
The czar and the royal family are murdered to end support for them
After three years and millions of Russians dead, the Red Army wins
New country called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the Soviet Union

3. UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR AND THE WAR ENDS
WORLD WAR I
UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR
AND THE WAR ENDS

4. United States Enters the War
Reasons why
More sympathetic to the Allied Powers
Held more in common with the Allies, ties to Great Britain
Had strong financial ties to the Allied Powers
Propaganda supported the Allies and made the Central Powers, especially Germany, villains
The invasion of Belgium became the “Rape of Belgium”
Germans regarded as “Huns”

6. Unrestricted submarine warfare
The Lusitania (1915)
A passenger liner that departs from New York City heading towards Britain
It is torpedoed by a German submarine, around 1200 people die, including 120 Americans
America’s anger over the attack causes the Germans to stop the policy
Feb the Germans reinstate unrestricted submarine warfare
Need it to defeat the British
Hope that the U.S. won’t enter the war, but the goal is to defeat the Allies before the U.S. gets troops to Europe
U.S. cuts diplomatic relations with Germany

8. Benefits to the Allies:
The Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram sent to Mexico from a German diplomat suggesting a Mexican-German alliance
If America enters the war Mexico should attack
Mexico would be rewarded with the return of lost territories: Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico
German leaders hoped that a war with Mexico would keep the U.S. out of the war in Europe
The United States declares war on Germany in April, 1917 and joins the Allied powers
Benefits to the Allies:
Numerous fresh troops and a morale booster
Industrialized nation

9. Zimmerman Telegram read:
“We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the even of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the Mexican President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion the he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the Mexican President’s attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace.” Signed, Zimmerman

10. End of the War Allies in trouble
Exhausted and desperate for U.S. troops
End of 1917 the combined casualties at 5.8 million
Low morale
Every major Allied offensive has failed, mutiny among some soldiers
Russia left the war
Germany now only has to concentrate on one front
Germany in possession of large amounts of Allied lands

11. Germany makes a final push
Germany decides to deal a decisive blow to the Allies before the U.S. is able to raise and ship an army to Europe
Takes a gamble with unrestricted submarine warfare – needs to defeat the Allies before the Americans arrive
Moves troops from the Eastern to Western front
Launches five offensives in March 1918
First – gains 40 miles and ends trench warfare
Third – advance 20 miles to the Marne
Paris is only 30 miles away

12. Allies counterattack Overall the offensives are failures
Lost 800,000 troops by June
Then hundreds of thousands of American soldiers arrive, giving the Allies hope
Allies counterattack
Second Battle of the Marne (July 1918)
Allies attack with 350 tanks leading the way
Allied forces stop the German advance
New troops, sense that Germany is weakening
Allied forces gain huge amounts of territory
In October the Allies break through the Hindenburg line

13. German leaders approach the Allies seeking an armistice
Armistice = a truce or agreement to end the fighting
On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918, World War I comes to an end
Nov. 11th used to be celebrated as armistice day, now it is known in the U.S. as Veteran’s Day
Germany and the Central Powers surrender

14. Reasons Why the War Ends
Allied victories
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Turks surrender
Austria-Hungary is taken down in October by revolution
German soldiers mutiny and the German people turn against Kaiser Wilhelm II, who abdicates

15. Costs of the War Loss of many men
Almost 9 million killed, 21 million more wounded
A generation slaughtered
Civilians killed
The Spanish Influenza strikes and soldiers spread the disease as they return home
Kills as many as 50 million worldwide
Financial
Cost close to 280 billion dollars
Destroyed national economies
Farmland and cities devastated in France, Belgium, and Russia

16. Empires and monarchies fall
Europe no longer the dominant economic region of the world
Empires and monarchies fall
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire all lose their monarchies and empires
Their colonies are divided among the Allied Powers

18. The Allies
Nation Mobilized Battle Cost in Strength Deaths Wounded millions France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 49,877 British Emp. 8,904, ,371 2,090,212 51,975 Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 25,600 Italy 5,615, , ,886 18,143 U.S. 4,355,000 50, ,690 32,320 Belgium 267,000 13,715 44,686 10,195 Serbia 707,343 45, ,148 2,400 Japan 800, NA Greece 230,000 5,000 21, Totals 42,188,810 4,888,891 12,809, ,899

19. THE CENTRAL POWERS
Nation Mobilized Battle Cost in Strength Deaths Wounded millions Germany 11,000,000 1,808,546 4,247,143 58,072 Austria-H 7,800, ,500 3,620,000 23,706 Ottoman 2,850, , ,000 3,445 Bulgaria 1,200,000 75, ,390 1,015 Total 22,850,000 3,131,889 8,419,533 86,238 Grand total 65,038,810 8,020,780 21,228, ,137